中医英语教材电子版.doc

1、 中医英语前言中医药学在长期的对外翻译和交流过程中，在英语语言中逐渐形成了一些独特的词语和表达法。“中医英语”既是对这些词语和表达法的概括和总结。按照ESP (English for Specific Purpose) (即“专门用途英语”) 的命名法，“中医英语”的英语标准名称应该是English for Traditional Chinese Medical Purpose（即“中医用途英语”，简称ETCMP）。这个名称本身可以说已给“中医英语”下了一个十分简洁明确的定义并阐明了其功用。由于“中医英语”是在中医英语翻译的基础上逐步发展起来的，所以对“中医英语”的研究实际上就是对中医英语翻译

2、的研究。同样地，要学习“中医英语”首先就应当学习中医英语翻译的基本理论和方法。同中医一样，“中医英语”有着明显的独特性，突出地表现在词汇方面。从目前的研究来看，“中医英语”的基本词汇（“共核”词汇除外）主要有以下四个来源：1普通英语词语特殊化。所谓“普通英语词语特殊化”，指的是给普通的英语词语赋予中医的特殊内涵。例如internal, external, heat, cold, asthenia, sthenia等普通英语词语，当我们将其用来表达中医的“表、里、寒、热、虚、实”等概念时，虽然其表层结构依然故我，但其深层结构已脱胎换骨，承载着中医独有的信息内涵。所以严格地讲，“中医英语”中的in

3、ternal, external, heat, cold, asthenia, sthenia等词语在语义上已游离了英语原义的本位，而成为“中医英语”的专门词汇了。2借用现代医学用语。“中医英语”中的很多词汇是按照“比照西医，求同存异”的原则而从医学英语（即西医或现代医学英语）中借取的，如heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney等等。从医理上讲，这些词语在中西医上是不完全对等的。虽然借用是以其对等成分为基础的，但借用之后其不对等的成分依然存在。为此，我们专门提出了“规定性”原则一说，以限定这些借用语的内涵和外延，从而使其成为独具特色的“中医英语”词汇。如从现代医学来

4、讲，heart（心脏）只有泵血的功能，而无“主神志”的作用。但当heart被借用来表达中医的“心”时，就应当，而且必须“主神志”。这就是规定性原则的基本要求。3仿造语。所谓仿造，指的是在翻译原语的无等值词汇时用译语中的直接对应词代换无等值词汇的组成部分词素或词。由于“中医英语”是在中医英语翻译的基础上发展起来的，又由于英语中缺乏中医对应语，所以仿造法便成为“中医英语”中较为常见的一种构词法（或翻译法）。有关这方面的内容，我们在本书“中医英语翻译的基本特点”中有详细介绍。4借用中医语言。所谓借用中医语言，实际上就是通过音译给英语中输入中医词语，如qi, yin, yang, tuina等等。这是

5、“中医英语”词汇的另一个独特来源。有关这方面的内容，本书“中医英语翻译的基本方法”中有详细介绍。从以上对“中医英语”词汇的四个来源的分析来看，“中医英语”的确是ESP家族中的一个新成员。由于中医英语翻译目前尚不统一，“中医英语”仍有很多问题有待于进一步的研究。本书的编写也仅仅是一个初步的探索。国家教委颁布的大学英语教学大纲及非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲规定，大学英语的教学分为基础阶段和专业阅读阶段，研究生英语教学包括基础英语和专业英语两部分。就中医院校来说，专业英语就是“中医英语”。从目前的发展来看，培养外向性中医人才的核心问题就是外语技能的提高，特别是专业外语技能的提高。从这点出发，给中医院

6、校研究生和本科生开设“中医英语”课实为紧迫。正是为了适应这一迫切需要，我们组织编写这本教材。由于缺乏经验，纰缪之处在所难免，敬请广大读者和学界同仁批评指正。 目录Lesson One History of Traditional Chinese Medicine 中医药学的历史课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Two Materialism and Dialectics in Traditional Chinese Medicine中医学中的唯物论和辩证法课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解 Lesson Three Basic Characte

7、ristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine中医学的基本特点课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Four The Theory of Yin and Yang阴阳学说课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Five The Application of the Theory of Yin and Yang in Traditional Chinese Medicine阴阳学说在中医学中的应用课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Six The Theory of Five El

8、ements五行学说课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Seven The Application of the Theory of Five Elements in Traditional Chinese Medicine五行学说在中医上的应用课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Eight The Theory of Zangxiang藏象学说课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Nine The Five Zang-Organs五脏课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Ten

9、 Six Fu-Organs六腑课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Eleven The Conception and Functions of Qi气的概念与功能课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Twelve The Conception and Functions of Blood 血的概念与功能课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Thirteen The Conception and Functions of Body Fluid 津液的概念与功能课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理

10、解Lesson Fourteen The System of Meridians and Collaterals 经络系统课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Fifteen Etiology 病因课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Sixteen Pathogenesis 病机课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Seventeen The Four Diagnostic Methods 四诊课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Eighteen The Eight Princi

11、ples 八纲 课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Nineteen The Basic Therapeutic Principles 治则课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Twenty Chinese Medicinal Herbs 中药课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Twenty-One Traditional Chinese Medical Prescriptions 方剂课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Twenty-Two Acupuncture and M

12、oxibustion 针灸课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Twenty-Three Essentials of Tuina Therapy 推拿概要课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Twenty-Four Clinical Report 临床报道课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson Twenty-Five Medical Ethics 医德课文生词注解中医英语翻译技巧汉英英汉翻译练习阅读理解Lesson One History of Traditional Chinese Medicine The e

13、arly history of China abounds in myths and legends, and so is the history of traditional Chinese medicine. Its origin can be traced back to the remote antiquity. Anthropologists tell us that the primitive peoples all over the earth have practically the same myths, customs, beliefs and superstitions,

14、 differing only in unimportant details. Over long period of time human races and racial customs have changed, gradually evolving from a lower and plainer life to a higher and more 忽略plex one. Like the primitive folks of other races, the Chinese people in this early stage of existence lived in caves,

15、 ate wild fruits, drank the blood of animals and covered their loins with the skin of animals. They had to fight against wild beasts and sometimes got hurt or wounded. Their meals being irregular, the food being coarse and uncooked, and the body exposed to all kinds of weather, consequently stomach

16、disorders and other diseases naturally followed. As the most universal symptom of disease, the first indication of something wrong with the living organism is pain, to seek and to apply remedies for it is the most imperative of the primeval instincts. An injured dog licking its wound or seeking cert

17、ain grasses and herbs when sick, a child stretching its cramped limbs or scratching its irritated body show instinctive responses towards removing these pathogenic factors. Such instinctive reactions are the origins from which definite curative systems have arisen. This is also true of the originati

18、on and development of traditional Chinese medicine.In its long course of development, traditional Chinese medicine has gradually evolved into a unique and integrated system of medicine and also be忽略e an important part of the Chinese culture. Huangdi Neijing (Huangdis Canon of Medicine), the “bible”

19、for traditional Chinese medicine published over 2000 years ago, is the earliest and greatest medical classic extant in China. What the Four Books are to the Confucianists, Nei Jing is to the Chinese doctors. Upon it is built most of the medical literature of China. And so important is it considered

20、that even at the present time, thousands of years after it was written, it is still regarded as the highest authority. The works consists of two distinct books. The first is called Su Wen (Plain Conversation) and the second is Ling Shu (Miraculous Pivot), each 忽略prising nine volumes. Nothing definit

21、e is known of the author or the date of its publication. Tradition ascribed it, without clear historical evidence, to Huangdi (2698-2598BC)The content of Huangdi Neijing covers the following aspects: the relationship between man and nature, physiology and pathology of the human body as well as diagn

22、osis, treatment and prevention of diseases. By application of the theories of yin-yang and the five elements, it analyzes therapeutic principles based on syndrome differentiation according to the climatic and seasonal conditions, geographical localities and individual constitution. It has laid a pre

23、liminary foundation for the theoretical formation of traditional Chinese medicine. Before the Eastern Han Dynasty, Nan Jing (Canon on Medical Problems), another classics of medicine, was published. This canon deals mainly with the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, such as physiology, pat

24、hology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and so on. It has supplemented what Huangdi Neijing lacks. Shennong Bencao Jing (Shennongs Canon on Materia Medica), the earliest book on materia medica in China, appeared in about the period of Qin and Han Dynasties with its authorship unknown. Not only d

25、oes it list 365 medicinal itemsamong which 252 are herbs, 67 are animals, and 46 are minerals, but also divide them into three grades according to their different properties and effects. In the Han Dynasty (3rd century AD), Zhang Zhongjing, an outstanding physician, wrote Shanghan Zabing Lun (Treati

26、se on Exogenous Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases), which was 忽略piled into two separate books by the later generations, one of which is entitled Shang Han Lu (Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases), the other Jingui Yaole（Synopsis of Golden Chamber). This book has established the principle of synd

27、rome differentiation, thereby laying a foundation for the development of clinical medicine. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Huangfu Mi 忽略piled Zhenjiu Jiayi Jing (A-B Classics of Acupuncture and Moxibustion). This book, consisting of 12 volumes and including 349 acupoints, is the earliest extant works d

28、ealing exclusively with acupuncture and moxibustion and is also one of the most influential works in the history of acupuncture and moxibustion. In 610 AD, Chao Yuanfan et al. 忽略piled Zhubing Yuanhou Lun (General Treatise on Etiology and Symptomology of Various Diseases) This book has made an extens

29、ive and detailed description of the etiology and symptoms of various diseases. It is the earliest extant classics on etiology and symptoms in China. In 657 AD, Su Jing, together with 20 other scholars, 忽略piled Tang Xinxiu Bencao (Newly-Revised Materia Medica of the Tang Dynasty), which is the first

30、pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in ancient China and the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world as well. Sun Simiao (581-682 AD) devoted all his life to the writing of two great books: Beiji Qianjin Yafang (Valuable Prescriptions for Emergencies) and Qianjin Yifang (Supplement to Valuable Prescripti

31、ons). These books deal with general medical theory, materia madica, gynecology and obstetrics, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion, diet, health cultivation and prescriptions for various branches of medicine. Both books are recognized as representative works of medicine in the Tang Dynasty. Sun

32、Simiao was honored by the later generations as “the King of Medicine”. In the Song Dynasty, more attention was paid to the education of . The government set up “the Imperial Medical Bureau” for training and bringing up qualified medical workers. In 1057 AD, a special organization named “Bureau for R

33、evising Medical Books” was set up in order to proofread and correct the medical books published in the previous dynasties. The books revised have been handed down till now and are still the important classics for people to study medicine. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared four medical sc

34、hools represented by Liu Wansu (1120-1200AD), Zhang Congzheng (1156- 1228 AD), Li Gao (1180-1251AD) and Zhu Zhenheng (1281-1358AD). Liu Wansu believed that “fire and heat” were the main causes of a variety of diseases and that diseases should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature, so his the

35、ory was known as “the school of cold and cool” by the later generations; Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out by means of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation, so his theory was known as the “school of purgation”; Li Gao held that “internal impairment of the spleen and stomach would bring about var