论现代女性犯罪外文翻译Female crime research.doc

1、 Female crime researchWestern female crime from early LongBo ROM spindle research teferi and positivism research and development to now, multi-level modernism, nearly half a century of vicissitudes of life evolution. In the process of the development of a hundred years, some theories because of lack

2、 of scientific and reasonable and came under severe criticism, but for history, Because of the extensive and profound thought and the connotation, the female crime in todays research is still shining dazzing ray.According to the contemporary German criminologists schneider of criminology historical

3、period of the division, the mid 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century is a crime positivism school stage, inevitably, for women, the crime of positivism school study, some research methods and ideas of the inevitable. In order to systematically study and explain the phenomenon of female

4、crime, criminal positivism school founder, anthropologists, the famous Italian psychiatrist LongBo ROM spindle and his students, another crime is one of the representative of the school of positivism teferi from 1895 began to criminal detention in the prison, and women of their words and deeds, the

5、manner, the appearance and personality, act as a series of observation and analysis. They say: from biology explanation, female crime is a biological factors, female criminals is a false man, their physical and men alike, especially their shape, the skull, brain and muscle strength. Women in the soc

6、iety is the second sex. With normal men and women, and women than in the early criminals and did not evolve good development stage. They usually mental retardation, lacking the ability to think barbarians are the most appropriate for them. In addition, they also think that women are not female crimi

7、nals, but LiangXingRen, and is the most inferior quality synthetic sex. On the analysis of the female crime motive, they pointed out: the poor can be a male crime motive, because the can understand the scope of influence of the man in the society, the family burden and due to the lack of men because

8、 of poverty are likely to steal, it is understandable, but never suitable motives. Womens activities in the home, just beyond the scope of their family of crime is not only the moral character is the real and women. Obviously, LongBo ROM spindle and teferi think female criminal offender is born, thi

9、s is that men with them a criminal offenders point of view, and, since is male, decided to crime and criminal factors of women is also the biological characteristics. In this view, they may seem today, it is not scientific and has great limitations. First, from the research methods, they choose obje

10、ct of study, the female is held in prison is representative of the female crime samples. The experiment had no control group, and the lack of appropriate measurement method and scientific evaluation system. Second, any kind of phenomenon is caused by the single factor. The overemphasis on their biol

11、ogical factors, social and cultural factors, such as the point of view, is not really explain the reasons, the female crime of their theory and criticism will be granted.The mid western women criminology thought this period for schneider modern school period, we believe, in this phase of women in th

12、e study, although criminal society school study has started to take shape, but the theory of crime positivism school still held very large proportion. This period of women in the study of the most representative scholars are O pollack and w. i. Thomas. Their theories largely and LongBo ROM spindle a

13、nd teferi traditional biological determinism view schooling. O pollack think: first, the majority of women in the family and crime happened more workplace, Second, most women are very hidden, and women naturally cunning and capricious, Third, the female is false, the female sexual attitudes to adequ

14、ately explain the performance. They can finish sex without the lust of the flesh, and can pretend with joy Fun and. Pollack think: women and passive acceptance of the existence of sex that reflects women treat sincere attitude and hypocrisy warm hide. The womans hypocrisy is pollack works in a parti

15、cular topic. From these views, O pollack research in terms of female crime is still taking LongBo ROM spindle teferi and two set of personality factors Angle. But he also is not to LongBo ROM spindle and teferi views totally agree with his LongBo to Saul on the hook than men and women less crime bec

16、ause women than men of low IQ criminals criminals will hold different opinions. Through the research and investigation, he points out, male and female crime rate is almost the same, in less than men in crime, the main reason is: some cases not timely report, some cases are not detected, while others

17、 are simply by judicial system, you will be shown mercy The. Visible, O pollack theory in some ways than LongBo ROM spindle and teferi point of view. W. i. Thomas is one of the women in this period, researchers crime. The girl in the book without adjustment, He thinks, female crime is mainly female

18、sex and sex need not to be satisfied. Based on this understanding, he pointed out that the main reason of prostitution female: because they need love. In addition, he also pointed out that female crime, he thinks (more than female crime for sex crimes) another reason is: through this way to break th

19、em, that they cant go out to work, also cannot WaiJia him or he the traditional constraints. If remove these constraints, women will be most willing to simply. Therefore, he advocated some social welfare institutions should be involved in the early stage of crime in the girls life, against their pre

20、maturely from some social relations. In addition, he strongly opposed to womens liberation, because he thought it would inevitably leads to the increase of female crime. Despite the general view, w. i. Thomas has some of the doctrine of the viewpoint of sociology, but unfortunately, shadow, he still

21、 with biological factors dominant analysis, because its scientific and reasonable doubt and ultimately suffer criticism.In the 1980s, many scholars have realized, and the school, multi-level and multi-angle theory of crime than men in full, have been studied for positivism, empirical study of the do

22、minant female criminology thought and innovation is breakthrough. The theoretical study of the serious shortage of female crime situation actually give treatment and prevention of many adverse effects. First, the female crime is atavism . LongBo ROM spindle etc people think of research female crime

23、criminology is in the process of developing a setback viewpoint, cause female crime in the positivist study rigid. Secondly, long focused on individual factors, resulting in crime in highly developed industrial society, women still exist in a they usually is not sensible, impetuous and neurotic ster

24、eotypes, thereby treat women in the serious problem. The criminals Deviation. Adult women are not crime sexual misconduct and suffer more than the adult male constraints and norms. Due to the influence of bio-decision theory, many prison is only available to the female criminals therapy and dont lik

25、e to provide professional training as male offenders, because most people are mistaken: female criminals disease, as long as well their mental disorders, such as abnormal personality disorder, which can be a good citizen society. For such punishment system formation, crime scholars have unshirkable

26、responsibility. Again, because of nature women are outdated ideas, most of the studies have focused on female sexual misconduct problems on research. Therefore, treat with men and women treated with the problems in the theory of double standards and law, criminal in crime control and boundary exists

27、 as. In handling and treat prostitution and the attitude of the rape and will fully reflects the double standards. Is the same with sex related problems, prostitution is more attention than rape, people love to prostitution woman, pointing to the rapist is very carefully. Then, the research question

28、, people rapist rape behavior that is more rapist victims due to improper behavior (such as clothing, etc. With teaser exposure, not incurred) to consider how to punish rapists and education should be more vulnerable to behave feminine itself. And at that time, people study, had the rape of most peo

29、ple study Angle is how to strengthen the protection of human rights in the rapist, make its from undeserved punishment, and in and to the rapist serious crime invasive problems. Visible, the female crime cases, studies the adverse consequences brought to the extent. Most scholars to realize this the

30、ory, not only for the protection of womens rights and interests, but also can better help control and prevention female crime. Just at this time, with womens liberation, as the center of the second wave of the womens movement in the western vigorous development, women equality, freedom and liberatio

31、n of increasingly high. In such a context, a new study, called women criminology research army. In the theory of these scholars as the following several schools can:First, the modern biological school. To Cowie and Slater Slater, advocate sex roles: (1) problem still should is the central issue of w

32、omen studies, (2) biological characteristics of some unusual still than social and cultural factors more used to explain the female crime, (3) chromosome abnormality is female crime causes, (4) compared with abnormal personality, poverty and the reasons, and unequal chances in reason.Second, the mod

33、ern society. Modern society from the school of scholars study through the history of philosophy, aesthetics, and the social sciences, to the traditional, several women as axioms, sex roles, the nature of human theory position crime launched a strong challenge, and in a large number of outstanding fe

34、minists, under the support and participation in the challenge of male chauvinism relevant theories formed a series of successful theory. They delineate a from the socialization process, between crime opportunities (illegal opportunity and social response) structure difference between the female crim

35、e analysis for aspects of the era of. In the past ten years, modern criminal society provides three aspects in the outstanding achievement: (1) the female crime and the relationship between women liberation, (2) proof you will be shown mercy series of female crime assumption is not reasonable, (3) i

36、solated from cybernetics male and female Sex and gender differences , gender cybernetics. In addition, some scholars from ethnic, social role, crime subculture, cultural clashes aspects analyzes and expounds the cause of the crime. The shortage, many doctrine and theory is still based on the basis,

37、for male crime predominantly male crimes of research, and the combination of female crime is pretty enough. In fact, because of gender differences, crime is quite different.Third, the feminist critique of thought. For women in the theoretical biology, socialization Angle of crime, feminists consider

38、ed: the theory of these same reflects a moral and power in the sense of double standards. This kind of double standards existence sex and gender concept blurred. Women established biological essence decided she in society established social roles. Any kind of stereotypes with female image consistent

39、 bad or inappropriate act shall be deemed to biological defects or female characters inner biological deficiency results. Womens social essence is the essence of biological by women. The explanation and the formation of apparently with the tinted glasses observation results. They pointed out: the se

40、rious research should focus on such rights, economic and social resources allocation, social status exists serious inequality between men and women The phenomenon of social problems. Due to the different emphases and focus their ideas can be roughly divided into conservatism, liberal, Marx communism

41、, the radicals and socialist pie. These different faction is studied and the theoretical, greatly enriched the research contents of female crime. Yet, unfortunately, due to their claims are critical for reality, male socialist mightiness disaffection, undoubtedly makes them with strong feelings of r

42、esearch. Some of them have advocated due to woman colour and criticism.Above is the women ages criminology thought. From its development situation, if any one theory of objective and rational thinking and analysis, ignoring the gender difference, sex and gender interaction factors like the research,

43、 this theory will be consigned. But, regardless of whether the theory is correct, the female crime in the development of modern research for depressing, single criminology research injected fresh blood. As the female crime in criminal research scholar to fight for their rights and status, female cri

44、me research of criminology research and development have important influence.女性犯罪研究西方女性犯罪研究从早期龙勃罗梭和菲利的实证主义研究发展到现在多角度、多层次的现代主义研究，经过了近一个半世纪的沧桑演变。在这一百多年的发展过程中，有的学说因缺乏科学性和合理性而遭到严厉的批判，几至于为历史所淘汰；而有的则因为具有广泛的思想基础和深邃的内涵，在当今的女性犯罪研究领域依然闪烁着夺目的光芒。按照当代德国犯罪学家施奈德对犯罪学历史时期的划分，19世纪中期至20世纪初是犯罪实证主义学派阶段，不可避免，对于女性犯罪问题的研究，

45、实证主义学派的一些研究方法和思想必然对其有一定的影响。为了系统地研究和解释女性违法犯罪现象，犯罪实证主义学派创始人、犯罪人类学家、意大利著名的精神病医生龙勃罗梭和他的学生，另一位犯罪实证主义学派的代表人之一菲利从1895年开始深入到关押女性罪犯的监狱，对她们的言行、举止、相貌、人格、犯罪性等进行了一系列的观察和分析。他们指出：从生物学的观点解释，女性犯罪是生物性因素作用的结果，女性罪犯是一种“假男人”，她们的体格和男人相似，尤其是她们的身材、头盖骨、脑和肌肉的力量。女性在社会中是二等性别。与正常的男人和女人相比，女性罪犯处于一个初期的和未进化好的发展阶段。她们通常智力低下，缺乏思考能力的野蛮人

46、是对她们最恰当的比拟。另外，他们还认为，女性罪犯根本就不是女性，而是两性人，而且是两性最劣品质的合成物。在分析女性犯罪的动机时，他们进一步指出：贫穷可以是男性犯罪一个可以理解的动机，因为男人的势力范围在社会，家庭的负担和正当机会的缺乏，男人便因为贫穷而有可能去偷窃，这是可以理解的动机，但决不适用于女性。女性的活动场所只是在家中的锅台边，超出家庭范围的犯罪不仅是道德上的而且是女性角色的真正越轨。很显然，龙勃罗梭和菲利认为女性罪犯也是“天生的犯罪人”，这与他们认为男性犯罪人是“天生犯罪人”的观点是同出一辙的，而且，与男性犯罪一样，决定和导致女性犯罪的因素同样是其生物特性。他们的这种观点，在今天看来

47、，是缺乏科学性并具有很大局限性。首先，从研究方法来看，他们选择的研究对象监狱里关押的女犯是相当缺乏代表性的女性犯罪样本。实验没有对照组，而且缺乏适当的测量手段和科学的评估体系。其次，任何一种现象均不是由单一因素造成的。他们的这种过分强调生物性因素，忽略社会因素、文化因素等的观点，是不能真正解释女性犯罪原因的，他们的理论会受到批判便理所当然。中期的西方女性犯罪学思想施奈德将这个时期划分为现代学派时期，我们认为，在这一阶段的女性犯罪研究中，虽然犯罪社会学派的研究已初见端倪，但犯罪实证主义学派的学说仍占很大比重。这一时期的女性犯罪研究学者中最具代表性的是O波拉克和WI托马斯。他们的学说在很大程度上与

48、龙勃罗梭和菲利的传统的“生物性决定论”观点一脉相承。O波拉克认为：第一，大多数的女性犯罪多发生在家庭和职场；第二，大多数的女性犯罪之所以很“隐蔽”，与女性生性狡诈、善变有关；第三，女性是虚伪的，这一点在女性对性的态度表现上得到充分的说明。她们能够完成性交而毫无肉体的情欲，并且能够假装饶有乐趣和喜欢。波拉克认为：女性被动接受和完成性交的事实的存在充分反映了女性对待真诚和虚伪的暖昧态度。女人的虚伪是波拉克著作中一个特别突出的论题。从以上这些观点可见，O波拉克研究女性犯罪原因的角度仍然秉承着龙勃罗梭和菲利二人创下的“个性因素”角度。但他也并非对龙勃罗梭和菲利的观点完全赞同，他对龙勃罗梭关于“女性犯罪

49、之所以比男性犯罪少是因为女性罪犯比男性罪犯智商低”的观点就持不同意见。通过研究、调查，他指出，女性犯罪率和男性犯罪率几乎是一样的，之所以在统计时显得比男性犯罪少，其主要原因在于：有些案件未及时报告，有些案件未被侦破，而有些则干脆被司法系统从轻发落了。可见，O波拉克理论在某些方面要比龙勃罗梭和菲利的观点更胜一筹。WI托马斯是这一时期的一位女性犯罪研究学者。在未经调适的少女(TheUnadjusted Girl)一书中，他认为，女性犯罪主要是女性爱和性需要未及时得到满足所致。基于这种认识，他指出：女性卖淫的原因主要是因为她们需要爱。此外，他还指出，女性犯罪(他认为，女性犯罪多为性犯罪)的另一个原因是：她们通过这种方式以打破束缚她们，以致使她们不能外出工作，也不能外嫁他族或他区的传统约束。如果一旦除去这些约束，女性将是最乐于为所欲为的。因此，他主张一些社会福利机构应尽早地介入那些处于早期违法犯罪阶段的少女的生活