1、外文原文Single-chip microcomputer1. the introduction of the singlechip microcomputerThe singlechip is one kind of integrated circuit chip, which uses the ultra large-scale technology and has the data-handling capacity (for example arithmetic operation, logic operation, data transfer, interrupt processin
2、g) the microprocessor (CPU), random access data-carrier storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), input output circuit (I/O), possibly also includes fixed time the counter, serial passes unguardedly (SCI), demonstration actuation electric circuit (LCD or LED actuation electric circuit), pulse-d
3、uration modulation electric circuit (PWM), simulation multichannel switch and A/Electric circuit and so on D switch integrates to together the monolith chip on, constitutes to be smallest the computer system which however consummates. These electric circuits can under the software control accurate,
4、be rapid, highly effective complete the procedure designer preset the duty. From this looked that, singlechip has the function which the microprocessor does not have, it may alone complete the intellectualization control function which the modern industry control requests, this is singlechip biggest
5、 characteristic. However singlechip also is different with the single trigger, the chip before the development, it only has the function greatly strengthened ultra large scale integrated circuit, if entrusts with it the specific procedure, it then is youngest, the integrity microcomputer control sys
6、tem, it (PC machine) has the essential difference with the single trigger or the personal computing, singlechip application belongs to the chip level application, needs the user to understand singlechip chip the structure and the command system as well as other integrated circuit application technol
7、ogies and the system design need theory and technology, with such specific chip design application procedure, thus causes this chip to have the specific function. The different singlechip has the different hardware characteristic and the software characteristic, namely their technical characteristic
8、 is different, the hardware characteristic is decided by singlechip chip internal structure, the user must use some kind of singlechip, must understand whether this product does satisfy the characteristic target which the need the function and the application system requests. Here technical characte
9、ristic including function characteristic, control characteristic and electrical specification and so on, these information needs to obtain from in theproduction merchant technical manual. The software characteristic is refers to the command system characteristic and the development support environme
10、nt, the instruction characteristic is singlechip addressing way which we is familiar with, the data processing and the logical processing way, input-output characteristic and to power source request and so on. The development support environment is compatible and the probability including the instru
11、ction, supports the software (to contain may support development application procedure software resources) and the hardware resources. Must use some model singlechip to develop own application system, master its structure characteristic and the technical characteristic is that we need. Singlechip co
12、ntrol system could substitute for before uses control system which the complex electronic circuit or the digital circuit constituted, might the software control realizes, and could realize the intellectualization, now singlechip control category omnipresent, for example correspondence product, domes
13、tic electric appliances, intelligent instrument measuring appliance, process control and special-purpose control device and so on, singlechip application domain was more and more widespread. Indeed, singlechip application significance is far is not restricted in its application category or from this
14、 the economic efficiency which brings, it fundamentally changed the traditional control method and the design thought more importantly. Is controls technical a revolution, is an important milestone.2.The MCUs development outlineIn 1946 first electronic accounting machine birth until now, only then 5
15、0 years, depends upon microelectronic technology and the semiconductor technology progress, from the electron tube - transistor- integrated circuit - large scale integrated circuit, now together on the chip definitely may integrate several million even more than ten million transistor, causes the co
16、mputer volume slightly, the function is stronger. Specially in the nearly 20 years time, computer technology obtained the rapid development, the computer in the industry and agriculture, the scientific research, the education, the national defense and the aerospace domain has obtained the widespread
17、 application, computer technology already was a national modern science and technology level important symbol. Singlechip is born in the 20th century 70s, looks like F8 monolithic microcomputer which Fairchid Corporation develops. The so-called singlechip is uses the large scale integrated circuit t
18、echnology the central processing element (Center Processing Unit, Also is Chang Cheng CPU) and the data-carrier storage (RAM), theprogram memory (ROM) and other I/O passes integrates unguardedly on together the chip, constitutes a smallest computer system, but modern singlechip then has added on the
19、 severance unit, fixed time unit and A/D transformation and so on more complex, more perfect electric circuit, causes singlechip the function more and more formidable, the application is more widespread. The 20th century 70s, microelectronic technology is being at the development phase, the integrat
20、ed circuit belongs to the scale development time, each kind of new material new craft not yet mature, singlechip still occupied the primary development phase, the part integration scale also quite small, the function quite was simple, CPU, RAM had generally has also included some simple I/O integrat
21、es to the chip on, looks like Farichild Corporation to belong to this type, it also must be joined to the periphery other processing electric circuits just now to constitute the integrity the computing system. The similar singlechip also has Zilog Corporation the Z80 microprocessor. In 1976 INTEL Co
22、rporation has promoted the MCS-48 singlechip, this time singlechip is the genuine 8 monolithic microcomputers, and pushes to the market. It is young by the volume, function entire, the price has lowly won the widespread application, has laid the foundation for singlechip development, becomes in sing
23、lechip history the important milestone. Under the MCS-48 leadership, after that, each big semiconductor company developed and has developed own singlechip one after another, looked like Zilog Corporation the Z8 series. To the beginning of the 80s, singlechip has developed to the high performance sta
24、ge, looks like INTEL Corporation the MCS-51 series, Motorola Corporation 6,801 and 6,802 series, Rokwell Corporation 6,501 and 6,502 series and so on, In addition,Japans famous electrical company NEC and HITACHI all one after another developed had oneself characteristic the special-purpose singlechi
25、p. The 80s, world each big company competes to develop the variety multi-purpose strong singlechip, some severaldozens series, more than 300 varieties, this time singlechip belongs approximately truely monolithic, mostly integrated CPU, RAM, ROM, number many I/O connection, many kinds of interruptio
26、n system, even also has some to bring A/D switch singlechip, function more and more formidable, RAM and ROM capacity also more and more big, the addressing space even may reach 64kB, may say, singlechip developed to a brand-new stage, the application domain has beenmore widespread, many domestic ele
27、ctric appliances moved towards the intellectualized development path which controlled using singlechip. After 1982, 16 singlechips are published, represent the product are INTEL Corporations MCS-96 series, 16 singlechips compare 8 machine, the data width increased a time, real-time processing abilit
28、y stronger, the basic frequency is higher, the integration rate had achieved 120,000 transistors, RAM increased to 232 bytes, ROM then has achieved 8kB, and had 8 interrupt sources, at the same time has disposed multichannel A/D transformation channel, high speed I/The O processing unit, is suitable
29、 for the more complex control system. After 90s, singlechip obtained the rapid development, the world each big semiconductor company has developed a function more formidable singlechip one after another. American Microchip Corporation had issued one kind of incompatible MCS-51 new generation of PIC
30、series singlechip, has aroused the field widespread interest completely, its product only then 33 simplified the set of instructions to attract many users specially, caused the people to concentrate from the INTEL 111 complex instructions. The PIC singlechip has obtained the fast development, holds
31、the small space in the field. The afterwards matter, the familiar singlechip public figures quite have been all clear, more monolithic aircraft types pour out, MOTOROLA Corporation had issued one after another the MC68HC series singlechip, Japans several famous companies all developed a performance
32、stronger product, but Japans singlechip used in generally the special-purpose systems control, but did not look like company and so on INTEL puts in to the market forms the general singlechip. For example NEC Corporation produces the uCOM87 series singlechip, its representative works uPC7811 is one
33、kind of performance quite outstanding singlechip. MOTOROLA Corporations characteristic and so on MC68HC05 series its high speed low price has won many users. Zilog Corporations Z8 series product representative works are Z8671, contains BASIC the Debug interpreter, enormous place then user. But Ameri
34、can country half COP800 series singlechip then uses the advanced Harvard structure. ATMEL Corporation then perfectly unifies singlechip technology and the advanced Flash memory technology, has issued the performance quite outstanding AT89 series singlechip. Including company and so on Chinas Taiwan
35、HOLTEK and WINBOND in abundance has also joined singlechip development ranks, by reason of their inexpensive superiority, shares cup of beautiful thick soup.In 1990 American INTEL Corporation promoted 80,960 super 32 singlechips to cause the computer stir, the product has put in the market one after
36、 another, became in singlechip history an important milestone. This period, in singlechip field, singlechip variety extraordinary splendour, competes to be the most unusual. Some 8, 16 even 32 machine, but 8 singlechips by its price inexpensive, the variety complete, the application software rich, t
37、he support environment were still full, characteristic and so on development convenience but are occupying the dominant position. But INTEL Corporation by reason of their abundant technology, the performance outstanding type and the good foundation, at present was still singlechip mainstream product
38、. Only is the 90s intermediate stages, INTEL Corporation is busy is developing their personal computing microprocessor, not the enough energy continued singlechip technology which develops oneself creates leads, but by company and so on PHILIPS continues to develop the C51 series singlechip.3.Single
39、chip application domainSinglechip widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the domestic electric appliances, the medical equipment, domain and so on aerospace, special purpose equipment intellectualized management and process control, may divide the following several categories approxim
40、ately: (1). On intelligent instrument measuring appliance application Singlechip has the volume small, the power loss low, the control function strong, the expansion is nimble, merit and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the union d
41、ifferent type sensor, may realize such as physical quantity the and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacity, speed, thickness, angle, length, degree of hardness, element, pressure survey. Uses singlechip control to cause the instrument measuring appliance digitizatio
42、n, the intellectualization, the microminiaturization, also the function compares uses the electron or the digital circuit is more formidable. For example precise measurement equipment (dynamometer, oscilloscope, each kind of analyzer). (2). In industry control application May constitute the various
43、formats control system, the data acquisition system with singlechip. For example the factory assembly line intellectualized management, the elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, constitutes two cascade control systems with the computer networking and so on. (3).In domestic
44、 electric appliances application May say like this that, the present domestic electric appliances basically have all used singlechip control, praised, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air conditioner, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipments from the electricity food
45、, again to the electronic weighting equipment, all kinds of, omnipresent. (4).In computer network and correspondence domain application Of the modern singlechip has the correspondence connection generally, may very conveniently and the computer carries on the data communication,for provided the extr
46、emely good physical conditions application in between the computer network and the communication facility, the present communication facility basically has all realized singlechip intelligence control, from the handset, the telephone, the small program controlled switch, the building automatic corre
47、spondence ringing system, the train wireless correspondence, again the mobile phone which everywhere to the routine work in, the colony mobile communication, radio intercom and so on. (5).Singlechip in medical equipment domain application Singlechip quite is also widespread inmedical equipment use,
48、for example medical life-support machine, each kind of analyzer, , ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on. In addition, singlechip in the industry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domain and so on national defense aerospace all has
49、the extremely widespread use.4.Singlechip development tendencyNow may say singlechip was all flowers blooms together, the time which hundred school of thought contended, in the world each big chip manufacture company has all promoted own singlechip, from 8, 16 to 32, innumerable, had everything expected to find, has compatibly with the mainstream C51 series, also had not not compatibly, but they unique, became mutually supplementarily, provided the broad world for singlechip application. Looks o
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