科技论文写作常用英语词汇.pptx

1、Professional EnglishProfessional EnglishWords in Professional English WritingWords in Professional English Writing科技论文写作常用英语词汇科技论文写作常用英语词汇科技论文写作常用英语词汇科技论文写作常用英语词汇 Outline 术语说明术语说明术语说明术语说明性用语性用语性用语性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语术语说明性用语直接使用“

2、定义”一词definition,define数学类文献中使用较多Definition一个完整的definition例子 “Definition:The difference between the largest and smallest class boundaries is called the range of the table.”一个以上的definition“Definition 1”“Definition 2”“One/First definition”“Two/Second definition”Define被动句A is defined as B.A is defined a

3、s follows:A is defined to be B.A is defined by B.A is defined in terms of B.主动句We define A as B.使用“称为”A is called/termed B.When the copy is printed out on paper,it is called hard copy.A is known as B.A is referred to as B.A is spoken of as B.带修饰的“称为”统称为 are collectively called 有各种叫法 is variously cal

4、led 前者称为,后者称为The former is referred to as,and the latter as 通常简称为often shortened to 使用“意指”含义的词语A 的意思是 By A one refers to By the speed of transmission one refers to the instantaneous rate at which the information is transferred over the communication facility.By A we mean/imply that By the word scien

5、tist we mean someone who take part in basic research,to discover and attach significant problems not yet solved,to A is defined to mean 其他定义用语所谓 是 So called A is 顾名思义，A,as the name implies/suggests,is Command and control,as the name implies,must comprise both a command and controlled action element.

6、称为，也可称为 A is called,or,alternatively,是由 派生而来，意思是 A is derived from B,meaning 无明确定义 没有普遍公认的定义.There is no universally accepted definition to the term A.There is no universally accepted definition to the term Software Component presently.目前很难给 下定义.A clear definition of A is difficult to give.Outline术语

7、说明性用语 时间时间时间时间表达用语表达用语表达用语表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语时间表达用语科技英语中涉及时间的表达方式公元年代 毫微级时间单位涉及“公元”表达用语公元前(B.C.-Before Christ),公元(A.D.-Anno Domini)A.D.写在年数之前,B.C.写在年数之后from 300 B.C.to A.D.400均要大写公元前100年左右Around 100 B.C.早在公元前600年As long as 600 B.C.早

8、在公元600年前As long as A.D.600涉及“世纪”表达用语19世纪后期In the late nineteenth century20世纪的头20年里Within the first 20 years of the twentieth century本世纪初期Early in the present century在本世纪末之前Before the end of this century20世纪后半页The second half of the twentieth century有关“年份”表达用语约20年前Nearly two decades ago在过去的50年里During

9、 the past 50 years在 之后的13年里For 13 years after 从80年代开始Beginning in the 1980s直到1990年Up to 1990,追溯到dating back to /go back to 抽象时间表达用语(1)今后若干年 for the next few years 近期内 in the near future 在 之后不久shortly after 在写本文时 at the time of writing this paper 目前for the time being 当今的 In todays 抽象时间表达用语(2)在 瞬间 At

10、the moment 暂时 for the moment,此时 By now 一度 At one time 时代the era of 具体时间表示方法月-日-年 顺序1997年8月16日Aug.16,1997与介词配合有年或月无日期，用 inin 1997,in Mar,1997有日期，用 onon Nov 1,1998有几点几分，用 atat 12:30 P.M.Outline术语说明性用语时间表达用语 lylylyly形的形的形的形的副词副词副词副词放在放在放在放在句首句首句首句首的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达

11、用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语科技英语中，ly副词放在句首对全句进行说明和解释简洁强调常用句首副词(1)实际上actually可以肯定的certainly奇怪的是curiously从概念上讲conceptually从功能上讲functionally从物理概念上physically从数学上讲mathematically从理论上讲theoretically从实验上讲experimentally从特性上讲characteristically从图形上讲graphically从年代上看chronologically换言之alternati

12、vely用解析的方法analytically直观地讲certainly按照惯例conventionally按照经典理论classically具体的讲specifically在正常情况下ordinarily从本质上讲essentially遗憾的是unfortunately严格的说strictly从功能上看operationally应该承认admittedly顺便指出incidentally等效地讲equivalently常用句首副词(2)与之对应的是correspondingly理想情况下ideally归纳起来inductively从结构上看architecturally从逻辑上讲logical

13、ly就个人而言personally与此同时simultaneously可能的情况是presumably归根结底ultimately用符号表示的话 symbolically很少rarely通常usually从视觉效果上看 visually最后finally结果/因此consequently或许probably很清楚cleally粗略的讲roughly从主要方面讲mainly从技术上讲technically与most/more组合的情况最值得注意的是最值得注意的是most notablymost notably更更/最重要的是最重要的是more/most importantlymore/most

14、importantly更一般的情况更一般的情况more generallymore generally更确切地说更确切地说more precisely/accuratelymore precisely/accurately更简练地讲更简练地讲more brieflymore brieflyOutline术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语 关于关于关于关于分类分类分类分类的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语关于分类的表达用语对事物分类分类常用格式分类常用

15、词汇分类常用格式同段分类同一段落内用(1),(2)或(a),(b)分隔Two additional memory considerations are(1)the control of shared memory and(2)the use of cache memory分段分类将每一类的内容另行书写，前面加序号、字母(如1,2,)或其他符号(“”,“”)Input devices may be broken down into the following categories:KeyboradCard reader分类常用词汇(1)sort,type,class,variety,catego

16、rysort 普通用语type 技术用语 类别types of mapping algorithmsclass 技术用语 类型classes of modeling languagesvariety 多样的variety of sth.category 范畴，类目formal word27分类常用词汇(2)说明类别的表达用语有 类 There are categories of 能被分解为 can be divided into 能被划分为 can be categorized into 能归入 can fit into 将 分为 classify as types分类常用词汇(3)说明类别及

17、分类依据的表达用语 可按 分类 can be categorized according to“Computers can be categorized according to their sizes.”就 分类 is categorized with respect to“Signals is categorized with respect to their applications”按照 来分类 may be classified by“Signals may be classified by their finite energy or power.”分类短语 属于 fall int

18、o/within“Many computers fall into the general form discussed above.”有许多种，从 到 there are many varieties of,from to“There are many varieties of stored program from a wired logic to fully stored program control.”不包含在 中 be excluded from“Systems below M are excluded from this classification.”Outline术语说明性用

19、语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语 有关有关有关有关程度程度程度程度的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语有关程度的表达用语形容词原级、比较级、最高级修饰词very,quite,extremely反映程度词(1)频度程度用词罕有罕有rarelyrarely偶尔有偶尔有occasionallyoccasionally有时有时sometimessometimes常常常常oftenoften通常通常usuallyusually总是总是alwaysalways程程度度递递增

20、增反映程度词(2)不确定程度用词可能可能mightmight可以可以maymay能能couldcould能能cancan能，该能，该shouldshould应该应该ought toought to愿意愿意would would 愿意愿意willwill必须必须mustmust程程度度递递增增也许也许maybemaybe可能可能probablyprobably一定一定certainlycertainly肯定肯定definitelydefinitely反映程度词(3)(1)好坏程度 (2)程度程程度度递递增增劣劣badbad差差poorpoor中中fair,ordinaryfair,ordinar

21、y良良goodgood优优excellentexcellent无无nilnil轻微的轻微的slightslight中等的中等的moderatemoderate严重的严重的severesevere极度的极度的extremeextreme反映程度词(4)量的大小和多少程程度度递递增增微不足道的 negligible相当多的considerable大量的substantial可感知的appreciable重大的material少量的少量的适量的适量的大量的大量的fewfewa moderate number ofa moderate number ofa large number ofa large

22、 number ofnot manynot manya certain number ofa certain number ofa great manya great manya fewa fewa lot ofa lot ofsomesomeplenty ofplenty of反映程度的表达用语(1)含“extent”的程度用语在不大程度上to a small extent在多大程度上to what extent在不同程度上to different extent在某种程度上to some extent在很大程度上to great extent在可实用程度上to the extent prac

23、ticable反映程度的表达用语(2)强调重要性表达用语特别重要的particularly important对是至关重要be essential to 最重要的by far the most important开始起作用come to play起主要作用play a major role起主导作用play a dominant role值得专门提到deserve a special mention反映程度的表达用语(3)有关难易程度表达用语“This idea is readily generalized to other cases.”“This makes it somewhat eas

24、ier to use than a microcomputer with word processing.”多少比容易一些 somewhat easier than 更容易一些 even easier 容易地 be readily to 相对简单 relatively simple 简单得多 far simpler 相当微妙的 rather sophisticated 不言自明的be self-evident 反映程度的表达用语(4)数量程度表达用语“All atoms are more or less complex arrangements of subatomic particles.”

25、“This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation.”不多于，仅仅占no more than比更多一点a few more部分的in part/partially 整个throughout不足以确定be not sufficient to determine或多或少more or less反映程度的表达用语(5)知名程度表达用语“This is the well-known exponential distribution.”“This is the celebrated Poission distributi

26、on.”众所周知well-known著名的celebrated/best known最突出的most outstanding显赫的成就remarkable achievement最重要的贡献most significant contributions划时代的epoch-makingOutline术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“ofofofof”词组构成的词组构成的词组构成的词组构成的短语短语短语短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语(1)含“a number of”表

27、达用语跟复数名词或代名词，谓语用复数形式“A large number of students whose primary interests are in science,engineering,”smallsmallmoderatemoderatecertaincertainlargelargegreatgreatconsiderableconsiderabletremendoustremendousanumber of“of”词组构成的短语(2)含“amount of”表达用语跟不可数名词，谓语用单数形式“A large amount of literature has appeared

28、 on this subject in recent years”smallsmallmoderatemoderatecertaincertainlargelargegreatgreatconsiderableconsiderabletremendoustremendousaamount of“of”词组构成的短语(3)含“a group of”表达用语跟复数名词或代名词，谓语根据主语含义取单数或复数形式“A group of 200 students is divided into two groups,one,the other”“A group of 8 bits is called a

29、 byte.”“A group of us have decided to attend this symposium.”“of”词组构成的短语(4)含“a lot of”表达用语跟单数或复数名词和代名词，谓语与主语保持一致“A lot of trouble is caused by”“A lot of problems are caused by unemployment.”“a lot of”的替代短语a great deal of(后接单数名词)a number of(后接复数名词)“of”词组构成的短语(5)含“the majority of”表达用语跟单数或复数名词和代名词，谓语与主

30、语保持一致“The majority of damage is ease to repair.”“The majority of switching systems are space division system.”“of”词组构成的短语(6)含“a variety of”表达用语跟单数或复数名词和代名词，谓语与主语保持一致“A variety of evidence shows conclusively that”“A variety of network architectures have been proposed from time to time to meet differe

31、nt needs of various users.”“of”词组构成的短语(8)含“a set of”表达用语跟可数名词的复数名词，谓语取单数形式“a set of 6 cards is shaken in a box and dropped on a table.”“a set of specifications forms the ebXML standard.”“of”词组构成的短语(9)含“either of”和“any of”表达用语跟复数名词，谓语取单数形式“Either of these two methods has applications.”当“any of”要表达“其中

32、某些”，谓语取复数形式“try to answer the questions in Sec.4.1.If any of them still seem difficult,review the appropriate chapter to find the answers.”Outline术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语 因果因果因果因果关系表达用语关系表达用语关系表达用语关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语因果关系表达用语Because原因是构成句子的主要部分，因果关系强

33、烈“I missed the train because I got up late.”Since原因已知，因果关系较弱“Since this method doesnt work,we consider to try another.”As与since同，但since通常比as正式“As he was not well,I decided to go there without him.”For原因做补充说明“I decided to stop and have lunch,for I was feeling quite hungry.”常用因果表示方法(1)部分/主要原因是 partly/

34、mainly because of“Telephone service is a success mainly because of its universality and relative simplicity.”因 而 result from“the importance of this theorem results from the fact that we are able to calculate by integration a magnitude”arise from 常用因果表示方法(2)“由于”due to“due to the extreme variability o

35、f cable performance”“鉴于”owing to“Owing to the random nature of the network theory,the following analysis involve certain fundamentals of probability theory.”“鉴于”in view of“in view of how the sensitivity coefficients were defined in the preceding section,Eq.1 can be written as”常用因果表示方法(3)由于，因为on acco

36、unt of,seeing that“on account of their importance we shall write the above two rules”“seeing that the computers are high in computation speed,they have found wide application in computing”由于 的结果as a result of“as a result of these factors,there are many different types of”含有“为了”的表达方式(1)为了具体起见to be mo

37、re specific“to be even more specific,suppose p(xy)=xy.”为了确切起见to be precise为了有效起见to be effective为了完整起见to be complete为了保险起见to be on the safe side含有“为了”的表达方式(2)为简单起见for simplicity为明确起见for clarity为简洁起见for brevity为目前讨论方便起见for convenience in the present discussion为了一般化起见for the reason of generality含有“为了”的

38、表达方式(3)为了对适用to be valid for“to be valid for all condition,f(t)must be represented by a continuous sum of exponential functions.”为了证明是正确的to justify“to justify the assumption,we must specify how electric contact is made to”结果表达方式导致、引出lead to“examination of these two figures leads to following observat

39、ions:”造成、得到result in“the application of an input signal f(t)to a linear time-invariant system results in a corresponding output g(t)”以致so that因而henceOutline术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有有有有”和和和和“无无无无”的表达的表达的表达的表达 相互关系的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语“有”和“无”的表达(1)“有”的表达方式have最常见的用

40、法“chapters 2,4,and 5 have two parts.”there is/are/was/were 不指出“谁”有这些东西“there is more than one way of combining two wave functions.”there must be 必须有there can be 可以有there may be 可能有there will be 将会有there have been 已经有“有”和“无”的表达(2)“of”“在中有”“of 100 boxes of product,20 boxes from factory A,and 30 boxes

41、from factory B,”“in the presence of”“在有的情况下”“in the presence of an input signal,the gain G is not determined by the noise level.”“among.be”“在中有”“among these are the bridge circuit,several voltage-doubling circuit,and”“有”和“无”的表达(3)“with”“有了 (条件/了解)”“with these added insight,let us consider the result

42、s of the example 1.”“available”“可得到的，可利用的，现有的”“another method is available to increase the system capacity.”“有”和“无”的表达(4)“无”的表达方式“in the absence of”“in the absence of a signal,the gain G is determined by the noise level.”“without”“A spontaneous reaction is one that will take place,given enough time,

43、without outside assistance.”Outline术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系相互关系相互关系相互关系的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语相互关系的表达用语(1)“关联”的表达用语与 有关的 be related to be associated with“Some practical problems associated with this theory are currently being investigat

44、ed by”彼此有关的 be dependent upon each other“it is evident that the input and output levels are dependent upon each other.”与 无关的 be independent of 相互关系的表达用语(2)“比较”的表达用语与 相比 be compared with in comparison with“the result may be compared with the predicted change.”.与 比较comparison of and“comparison of disc

45、rete and continuous distributions suggests that”与 无法比较these is no comparison between and 相互关系的表达用语(3)“对比”的表达用语与 相比/相反in contrast to“in contrast to the matured status of the study of the analog circuits,the development of”对于 with respect to“consider the sensitivity of H with respect to the gain G.”as

46、 against/versus“the low-pressure compressor has four stages of compression as against the eight stages of the”相互关系的表达用语(4)“类似”的表达用语 be similar to“A is similar to B in”“This computer is similar to the other one in configuration.”be same as /be identical in“A is the same as B in”“the two engines are i

47、dentical in size,but the new one develops greater power.”相互关系的表达用语(5)“类似”的表达用语类似的“in an analogous manner”“in an analogous manner we may construct for each point of the curve”与 类比“in an analogy to”“this type of spectrum is called white in an analogy to white light.”相互关系的表达用语(6)“差别”的表达用语不同于be differen

48、t/distinguished from in“heat waves differ from light waves in their different wavelengths.”unlike“unlike random noise,impulse noise is measured by the”与 不同之处在于 contrast with“stored program control contrasts with most general purpose computer”相互关系的表达用语(7)“差别”的表达用语明显的不一致apparent inconsistency“the appa

49、rent inconsistency here lies in an incorrect interpretation of”本质区别essential difference between“there is no essential difference between these two models.”Outline术语说明性用语时间表达用语ly形的副词放在句首的表达用语关于分类的表达用语有关程度的表达用语“of”词组构成的短语因果关系表达用语“有”和“无”的表达 相互关系的表达用语 有关有关有关有关“手段手段手段手段”的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语的表达用语有关“手段”的表达用语(1)

50、介词by,with,by means of,with the help of“the computer is usually designed with a build-in display or printer”名词way,use,usage“a popular way to synchronize transversal filters using analog methods is that”approach,method,choice“an alternative approach to the design of is that”有关“手段”的表达用语(2)动词use,employ,