1、 ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法 An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least tempor
2、arily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjac
3、ent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping. 露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。通过块矿或采场的支柱和 （也称为肋或肩） 采场墙形式的废料 的支持来（至少是暂时的） 预防放顶煤的开幕。除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。二次加固过程不排除归类为开放式回采方法。 There are many forms of open-stope mining used to
4、 extract the initial material from mine .Having once established that the mineral and waste rock are competent enough to use an open-stoping method ,and assuming that the reserve is not classified as gassy, the form which the method will take is primarily determined by the dip and thickness of the r
5、eserve .How these two factors affect the selection of the open-stope mining is discussed in a later chapter . At this point it will suffice to say that the classification of the open-stope mining system which follows is based on whether dry , broken material flows by gravity or whether it must be mo
6、ved by non gravity methods where energy must be supplied to move the material. 这里有许多空场采矿法用于才出地下的矿石。一旦确立，矿物和废石足以胜任使用开放式回采方法，并假设储备不归类为高瓦斯，该方法将采取的形式主要取决于浸和储备的厚度。在后面一章，将讨论了这两个因素如何影响采场采矿法的选择。在这一点上就足以说的露天采场采矿系统的分类，根据是否干燥，破碎的物料通过重力或是否流动，它必须由非重力能源必须提供移动材料的方法提出。Room-and Pillar-Mining房柱采矿法 Room-and-pillar min
7、ing is an open-stoping method where mining progresses in a nearly horizontal or low angle direction by opening multiple stopes or rooms, leaving solid material to act as pillars to support the vertical load. Since the direction of excavation ( angle of dip ) is below that which would cause the dry m
8、aterial to flow by gravity to a draw point or gathering point, the material must be loaded in the room where it was extracted and transported to a point where it will flow, either by gravity or mechanical means, to a central gathering point to be taken out of the mine. This is an important aspect of
9、 room-and-pillar mining which differentiates the system from other open-stope mining methods which rely heavily upon gravity to transport ore from where it was broken to a lower elevation, usually through a draw point .There are many variations of the method which go by a names in local districts: b
10、reast stoping , breast-and-bench stoping, board-and-pillar, stall-and-pillar, and panel-and-pillar are all basically open-stope room-and-pillar mining.房柱采矿是空场采矿法挖掘凡进步近水平或低角度方向通过打开多个采场或房间，离开固体材料采取行动，以支持垂直负载的支柱。自开挖方向（倾角）以下，这会导致干料流重力平局点或聚会点，矿石必须先储存在矿房，在那里通过重力或机械手段被提取并运送到矿井旁的储矿仓，然后要向提升井运输。这是一个房柱采矿法区分从其它
11、空场采矿方法一个依据，依靠重力运输矿石到海拔较低的水平，通常这是绘制点制度的一个重要方面。空场采矿法有许多形式，如全面采矿法，留矿采矿法，分段采矿法，阶段矿房法等都是空场采矿法的一种形式。In some instances detailed stope planning is almost nonexistent ;I .e., the operator simple follows the visual pay values , leaves pillars only where necessary ,and tries to locate them in the zones of lowe
12、r value . This method of mining is as old as the beginning of underground mining itself ,dating back thousands of years .Early in the history of mining in this country ,the term ”gophering” was used to describe this method (peele,1941). The term is appropriate , for it brings to mind the exact resul
13、ts of this type of system-a random and irregular room-and-pillar mine.详细的采场的规划，在某些情况下几乎是不存在的，在实际操作中一般按如下要求如下，只有在必要时保留支柱，并试图找到矿石品味较低的区域作为矿柱。这种地下采矿方法本身就是很古老的，可以追溯到几千年。早在这个国家的采矿历史上，术语“gophering”被用来描述这种采矿方法（peele，1941）。这一词是恰当的，因为它使我想起这种类型系统随机和不规则的房间和支柱矿确切的结果。 In other instances where the mineral values
14、are consistent both in physical dimcnsions and quality, , the mine layout can be planned to the last detail , resulting in a uniform room-and-pillar mine. Coal , trona, gilsonite, potash, oil shale , salt, limestone ,and sandstone mines can usually follow such a system. Today, most metal mines using
15、 a room-and-pillar operation try tomine as regular a pattern as possible but deviation in height , width, thickness, dip, and grade of the ore results in comparable deviation in the mine plan.在其他情况下，矿物的价值在物理性质和质量哪是一致的，矿山布局可以同时规划的最后细节、 统一房柱结构。煤炭、 天然碱、 沥青、 钾肥，油母页岩、 盐、 石灰岩和砂岩地雷通常可以按照这样的系统。今天，人们想把房柱采矿法作
16、为金属矿开采的一种模式，但是矿体的垂直高度，宽度，厚度，倾角在实际矿山中变化很大。Variations of the Room-and-pillar System各式各样的房主采矿系统It is necessary to briefly describe some of the many variations of the room-and-pillar system of mining, enabling the reader to fully explore the concepts and become familiar with the terminology used before
17、going on to the details of mine design.有必要简要介绍一些房主采矿系统的多中变化，使读者充分了解概念和熟悉的术语使用前，矿井设计细节。 Full-Face Slicing:If in the process of opening the rooms the total vertical extent of the mineral values of the particular seam or strata or extracted from the advance of one vertical face, the term used to descri
18、be this is full-face slicing .This face is also known as the “breast.”全断面采矿法：如果在开放的矿房在垂直范围内有特殊煤层或岩层或从一个垂直面提前采出的矿产值的过程中，使用的术语来形容这种全断面采矿。这个断面也被称为“工作面”。 There is no mineral of economic value intentionally left either in the floor or the roof (back) to be mined later .To be able to extract the fall-face
19、 height in one pass, the mining equipment must obviously be designed to reach as high as the back . In an appalachian coal mine ,this may be all of 660.4 mm(26 in.) ; for a future oil shale property of mines where the mining face gets over 6.09 to 6.7 m (20 to 22 ft), the tendency is to divide the f
20、ace into more than one pass. Over this height, it becomes difficult to properly see and remove loose rock from the back with a hand “mining bar”. Where the process of taking down loose rock has become mechanized , higher full-face mining can be safely practiced . Most eastern and mid western coal se
21、ams and western uranium ,trona, and potash seams in the United States are easily reached in a single face; many limestone, lead,and zinc mines must resort, at least in part, to” multiple-slicing” to remove all the minerals of value.没有经济价值的矿物或有意留在矿房顶部或(后留在顶部作为支撑，然后回采的。能够提取的下降高度,在面对一个合格的采矿设备,显然必须是旨在达到
22、高的背。 在一个阿巴拉契亚煤矿,这可能是所有的为660.4mm(26);为今后油页岩的采矿面对得到超过6.09至6.7米(20至22英尺),目前的趋势是,分成多个通行证。在这高度，从后面适当地看和去除宽松岩石用手“挖掘栏”变得难。在该进程下采取的松散岩已成为机械化、可以安全地实行。提高全面采矿煤层最东部和中西部和西部的铀矿，天然碱，钾肥在美国的接缝很容易达到一个单一的面孔，许多石灰石，铅，锌矿山必须采取，至少部分，以“多片”值中删除的所有矿物质。 Multiple Slicing ( also known as multiple-pass mining): In many cases it i
23、s not practical to carry the full vertical height of mining horizon as a full face .The face is divided into parts known as breast , bench ,and/or brow . Ideally, if the operator knows the vertical extent of the mineralized, he will drill and blast the first pass at the top of the zone , thereby cre
24、ating the breast stope at the elevation where the permanent “back” (roof) will be . this allows easy access to remove any “loose slabs of rock from the back while the rock is within easy reach and to secure the back with reinforcement bolts or pins if necessary. The process of scaling loose rock fro
25、m either the roof ,pillars, brow, bench, or breast is in some districts referred to as “mining loose. 多个切片（又称多通采矿）：在很多情况下，作为一个完整的工作面进行充分挖掘地平线的垂直高度是不实际。工作面被分为矿房，台阶，和陡坡。理想情况下，如果操作员知道垂直的矿化程度、 他将钻取高度第一个通过在区域的顶部，然后便于下一步的回采工作。这可以方便从后面去除任何“松散岩砖，而近在咫尺的岩石，并确保如果有必要的加固螺栓或销回。从顶板，矿柱，坡顶，台阶还有巷道宽松的地方落下松散的岩石，这些地区被称为
26、“采矿宽松区”。 Years ago , breast-and-bench stoping was practiced in a somewhat different fashion than it is today. The benches were very narrow , which allowed most of the fly rock from the breast to be blasted onto the floor of the stope , leaving very little rock lying on the benches.年前，前进式开采和替补回采比现在有不
27、同的方式实行。台阶很窄，这使得大多数飞岩从工作面飞到采场的地板上，陡坡上留下很少的被炸开岩石。 Fig. I ( Anon. ,1972) illustrates a more typical stope for today trackless mining where again the breast the “heading” is carried at the top of the mineral zone but the benches are wide and , in effect, can serve as simultaneous levels of mining activi
28、ty. The floor of each of a dipping ore body , or the lower benches may be advanced through the upper floors reflecting a thick, flat ore body. Working such an ore body in horizontal clices in a downward direction is known as “underhand stoping.”图片一，更典型的采场说明了今天的无轨采矿再次进行矿产区的顶部的“标题”，但工作面宽，可起到作为采矿活动的水平工
29、作面的作用。底板倾斜矿体，或更低的工作面，可以提前通过反映了一个厚厚的，扁平矿体上部。工作这种矿物体在横向在一个方向向下是称为“地下回采。 Roof scaling and reinforcement ( rock bolting) would normally take place from the breast heading as it advances . Where the breast height does not reach the top of the mineralized zone ,an inverted bench can be carried in the roof
30、 ( Fig. 2 , Casteel, 1973) . Thus ,” taking down back” is a form of overhand stoping where horizontal slices are removed in an upward direction . In benching , the point where upper floor meets the vertical bench is called the “bluffline” or “bluff”; in taking down back , where the roof of the previ
31、ous slice meets the vertical face the inverted bench, it is called a “ brow line “ or “brow.” Many times in irregularly shaped ore bodies ,it becomes necessary to leave the broken rock on stope floor so as to provide a means of gaining access to the height needed to drill and blast successive of the
32、 back . The broken “back rock” can provide an excellent surge capacity in times of slack mine production once the top of the ore zone has been reached and the back made secure .But until that time is reached , it also represents inaccessible ore except for any excess ore that must be removed to make
33、 room for more broken ore .顶板缩放和加固 (岩锚) 通常会发生打近路之时。在高度不能达到该最高的矿化区、一个倒转台阶可以在顶板(图5)。 2、卡斯蒂尔,1973年)。因此，下向回采是一种在形式上回采水平向上的方向的矿体。在台阶开采过程中，顶板与台阶接触的点被称为峭壁，在回采过程中，其回采的过程中的垂直于工作面的面，又叫陡坡线“或”陡坡“。许多情况下，对采不规则的矿体时留下一些矿石，来作为打钻孔或时会采用的。破碎的返回岩可以提供良好的浪涌能力倍的可宽延时间矿山生产一旦达到矿带的顶部与作出安全的背面。但直到那个时候，它还代表无法访问矿石除外，任何多余的矿石，使矿石更破碎
34、的余地。 The mine in Fig .3(Anon.,19720) has been worked in the same fashion illustrated in Fig .1. There is some degree of uniformity in the size and spacing of pillars , but the uniformity often yields to the necessity of maintaining ore grade control . Consequently, the over all shape of the mineral
35、zone dictates the irregular shape of the existing mine . The large “bars were left either because of low-ground ore or because they were needed for ground stability. 在图0.3（anon.，19720）矿井已在图0.1所示的相同的方式工作。有某种程度的规模和支柱间距均匀性，但均匀性往往产生维护矿石品位控制的必要性。因此，现有矿山的不规则形状决定所有的矿产区的形状。因为地底上的矿石或地面稳定的需要，因为他们留下的大“支柱”。 Oth
36、er Concepts of Room-and-Pillar Mines: There several concepts suggested in room-and-pillar mining which call for leaving long “bar pillars” on a regular basic for various reasons. This is common practice in softer and weaker materials such as coal, potash ,or shale ,but it has not been widely adopted
37、 in the United States for use in hard rock mines .Such a system ,but designed for an entirely different reason, is shown in Fig. 4.This scheme might be needed where there is a need for the underground space to be utilized in an industrial development (Christiansen and Scott, 1975).This method of min
38、ing creates a series of parallel rooms almost completely separated from each other by continuous “rib pillars” . Where large areas are mined for industrial stone ,and it is unlikely that one occupant could utilize the entire area, then this method has the advantage of creating rooms without the nece
39、ssity of constructing partitions after mining .房柱采矿法的其他概念：由于人们习惯的原因，这里有许多被人们长时间不用的房柱法。在柔软和较弱的材料，如煤炭，钾肥，或页岩，这是常见的做法，但还没有在美国被广泛采用硬岩矿山使用。这样一个系统，但设计一个完全不同的原因，显示图4。这项计划，可能是要在地下空间利用 （克里斯蒂安森和斯科特，1975年） 工业发展中应用。这种方法的采矿造成一系列平行的客房几乎完全分开的每个其他不断肋支柱。大面积的工业石材开采，和一个可以利用整个地区，这是不可能的，那么这种方法具有的优势，就是没有开采后的分区建设的必要性。Stil
40、l another mining plan , shown in Fig.5 and known as “stope-and-pillar,” was used at Elliot Lake(Hedley,1972 ). Here ,the panels were laid out in a series of 30.48- m( 100-ft) stopes and 30.48- m (100-ft) pillars. There pillars were left by mining the stopes out 15.24 m (50-ft) on each side of a pred
41、evelopment inclined drift.还有开采方案，如图5所示，被称为“空场采矿法，在埃利奥特湖（赫德利，1972年）”。在这里，面板，奠定了在一系列30.48米（100英尺）采场和30.48米（100英尺）的支柱。离开挖掘出15.24米（50英尺）的采场的前期开发斜巷两侧有柱子。Finally, we come to the most common of all room-and-pillar mining systems and that which is basic to most coal mining in the United States .There are ma
42、ny different development plans ysed throughout the county, different primarily in pillar size and shape ,entry size, shape and number of parallel entries that must be developed simultaneously through the mine. Fig. 6 and 7 are typical (paulick,1963 ).They show not only different schemes of seam deve
43、lopment , but also a difference in the method used for mining the pillars while retreating from the mining area.终于，我们来到最常见的所有房柱采矿系统，这是在美国的大部分煤炭基本开采方法。有许多不同的发展计划全县主要支柱的大小和形状的不同，项目的大小，形状和平行条目的数量必须同时通过矿山开发。图6日和7日是典型的（paulick，1963）。它们显示不同方案的煤层发展，不仅用于同时退出采区开采支柱的方法的不同。Structural Character of Deposits Mina
44、ble by Room-and-Pillar房柱采矿法的结构特征If most mining engineers were asked to describe ore bodies applicable to room-and-pillar mining ,there first response would probably be to describe them as any ore body which is large, flat , and in competent rock . Certainly , there are some of the ideal conditions w
45、hich make room-and-pillar mining relatively efficient; however ,they are by no means the limiting criteria from which room-and-pillar mining should be selected.大多数采矿工程师如果被要求描述那些矿体适用房柱开采，那他们的第一反应可能会是任何大矿体，矿体倾角小，和岩石稳固来说。当然，有一些理想的条件下，相对高效的房和柱采矿，他们绝不是限制标准应选择从哪个房柱采矿。 The discussion of the physical proper
46、ties of ore and waste given subsequently is intended to make clear to the reader why room-and-pillar mining has such a broad application .Any criteria considered in determining the type of mining method used must ,in the final analysis , include all of the following factors: safety ; optimal mineral
47、 recovery; a mining environment consistent with current social , political, and legal requirements; and an operation which returns the highest economic gain.矿石和废物在以后提出的物理性能的讨论的目的是明确的读者，为什么房间支柱挖掘具有广泛的应用。在确定采矿使用的方法的种类考虑的所有标准必须，在最后的分析，包括所有跟随的因素： 安全; 优选的矿物补救; 采矿环境一致与当前社会，政治和法律规定; 并且退回最高的经济获取的操作。 Strengt
48、h of Rock Mass: While the subject of rock mechanics is covered in great detail in section 7 of this text, some aspects of will be briefly mentioned here as the subject relates to open-stope mining .岩体的强度，而覆盖在该文本第7条很详细的岩石力学问题，某些方面将简要地提到为主题涉及到露天采场采矿。 The earth composition consists of a number of mater
49、ials , each having its own physical properties .There materials are arranged in the earth crust in various forms: solid or broken mass, homogeneous or nonhomgeneous , rock mass subjected to tectonic stress or rock free from tectonic stress, etc .However , as rock is normally encountered in mining , it is equilibrium with the other forces of nature . The mine engineer contemplating the design of an open-stope system must assess the general magnitude
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