二十五层办公楼电气照明毕业设计外文文献及译文.doc

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1、毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：How Ambient Intelligence will Improve Habitability and Energy Eciency in Buildings文献、资料来源：2005，Ambient Intellience,Part I文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2005院 （部）： 信息与电气工程学院专 业： 电气工程与自动化班 级： 电气082姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2012.02外文文献：How Ambient Intelligence will Improve Habitability and Energy Eciency

2、 in BuildingsAbstract.Ambient intelligence has the potential to profoundly aect future building operations. Recent breakthroughs in wireless sensor network technology will permit, (1) highly exible location of sensors and actuators, (2) increased numbers and types of sensors informing more highly di

3、stributed control systems, (3)occupants involvement in control loops, (4) demand responsive electricity management, (5) integration among now-separate building systems, and (6) the adoption of mixed-mode and other new types of air conditioning systems that require more sensor information to operate

4、eciently. This chapter describes the issues with current building automation technology, assesses how some applications of wireless sensor technology can increase the quality of control and improve energy eciency, and suggests opportunities for future development.1 IntroductionBuildings are primaril

5、y constructed to produce indoor environments in which their occupants are comfortable, healthy, safe, and productive. A complex mixture of systems (heating, ventilating, air-conditioning (HVAC), lighting,life safety equipment, the architecture itself, and the buildings occupants) is used to achieve

6、this purpose. Since buildings tend to be designed and built individually, the mixture of systems is virtually unique for each building. Most buildings are essentially prototype designs, but rather than being used for testing, they are put directly into operation. Designers and operators rarely have

7、the chance to evaluate systematically how eectively their buildings produce desirable environments, or how energy-eciently they do so. There is a great shortage of such information throughout buildings lives they are delivered to the operators without instructions, and once in operation, operators o

8、ften cannot determine how they perform because there are insucient channels for collecting physical data and occupant feedback. As a result, they tend to be operated in rather ad-hoc ways often whatever works to cause the least complaints. It would help if more information were available.In the past

9、 two decades, the adoption of computer control systems in commercial buildings has greatly improved the access to and management of physical data. However, these systems still communicate with relatively few sensors and actuators, so their information is not detailed or reliable enough to truly oper

10、ate the building effectively or efficiently. In addition, few of them integrate HVAC with related but independently marketed systems like lighting, security, re, or occupant information. Residential buildings tend to be intrinsically much simpler than commercial ones, but even here the amount of sen

11、sing and the information provided to systems and to occupants is less than optimal usually all contained within a single thermostat.In the US, 38% of all primary energy is used to condition buildings, divided evenly between commercial and residential buildings. This is the largest single energy use

12、sector, exceeding transportation and industry. In commercial buildings, heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) consumes approximately 28% of total energy consumption, followed by interior lighting at 25%. In residential buildings, space heating and cooling have the highest energy consumpt

13、ion at 43%, followed by miscellaneous use at 16%, and water heating at 14%. The Department of Energy 5 estimates that in both building types, roughly half the total energy use could be economically avoided.Reducing energy use in buildings is both important and feasible.There have been many approache

14、s to achieve this objective. For example,buildings may be designed using passive temperature control, natural ventilation, solar control, and daylighting to reduce the energy used for HVAC and electric lighting. New air-conditioning systems such as underoor air distribution, displacement ventilation

15、, and chilled/heated ceilings can reduce operational costs. Old HVAC equipment, lighting, and windows can be replaced by newer versions which are generally more energy-ecient.This chapter discusses how expanding the ambient intelligence in building controls might also reduce energy consumed in build

16、ing operation. In some cases, it could be the fastest and most cost-eective way to obtain a given level of energy saving. In others, expanded intelligence may be necessary for some of the more ecient new building design techniques to become feasible in practice.Increased ambient intelligence should

17、also help produce more habitable indoor environments. In commercial buildings, our surveys consistently show thermal complaints (too hot and too cold) are the highest sources of dissatisfaction, with air quality, acoustics and lighting also high. The percentage of occupants voting dissatised typical

18、ly exceeds 20%. For manufactured objects, this level of dissatisfaction would be totally unacceptable, but for current buildings it is clearly very hard to do better. We will argue that in order to do better, occupants need to be informed about and involved in the control of their indoor environment

19、.2 Current Building Controls: Problems and NeedsIdeally, building control systems maintain occupant comfort at a low energy cost. The state-of-the-art in building control has greatly advanced in recent years. In commercial buildings digital controls are replacing pneumatic controls 13, and energy ma

20、nagement and control systems (EMCS) now are increasingly used to monitor and manage the HVAC systems in large commercial buildings. Some of these are web-enabled and most allow for remote monitoring and control. However, while the communication and hardware technology of building controls has change

21、d, the control functions are still rudimentary, with very little use of supervisory control or embedded intelligence. The sensing is far more complete on the HVAC machinery than in the building and its interior spaces. Lighting control technology still consists primarily of switching large banks of

22、xtures based on a time clock. The intelligence employed in these controls is low because with limited numbers of sensors and actuators one cannot practically do much more.Sensors and actuators have historically been so expensive that keeping their numbers minimal has been taken for granted. The cost

23、 of installing a single sensor or unit controller in a commercial building can be as high as $1000. As much as 90% of that cost is in running the wires needed to power the sensors and communicate with them. Installing wire usually requires making openings in walls and ceilings and then having to ren

24、ish them. In some cases the most appropriate sensor position (say on an oce workers desk or chair) is unavailable to a wired sensor, which must be on one of the buildings surfaces. So compromises are made such that the sensor is positioned where it is most convenient and inexpensive. This leads to a

25、 situation where buildings are “sensory starved”. The building is run on a small amount of sensor data whose accuracy cannot be cross-checked, and whose measurement locations may not represent the environments that the occupants actually experience.Because such sensory shortcomings are taken for gra

26、nted by designers, the whole approach to building design is essentially distorted. Buildings must be conceived as simplied mechanisms appropriate for this level of controllarge indoor spaces are considered as a single nodes, mechanical systems are designed to mix the air in such spaces uniformly eve

27、n when this imposes an energy and air-quality penalty, and lights are arrayed in uniform banks even when the need for light varies across the space.Occupant complaints decrease occupants work productivity and increase maintenance cost by millions of dollars annually. For example, Federspiel 7 report

28、ed that the most common action taken in response to thermal sensation (hot/cold) complaints is to adjust a control system setting, and that automating these actions could reduce HVAC maintenance costs by 20%. Additional sensors would make it easier to determine when problems reported by occupants ca

29、n be resolved automatically, and when it is necessary to dispatch maintenance personnel to solve the problem. In addition, thermal comfort depends on multiple factors besides temperature. If a space is controlled with a single temperature sensor, the temperature needs to be tightly controlled within

30、 a narrow range to avoid potential discomfort caused by other variables such as air movement or radiation that the thermostat cannot detect. Such tight control requires extra energy consumption by the HVAC system. If the environment were more completely sensed, it could be possible to tune it to pro

31、vide comfort and ventilation as eciently as possible.Occupants comfort is now never considered directly in building operation. Controls that could obtain information about the comfort of individual occupants have been proposed 6, but have not yet been put into use in buildings. Occupancy and predete

32、rmined preferences could be identied by sensors in the chair, as is now done in some automobiles. A persons thermal state could also be predicted from measured skin temperatures sensed through contact or remotely by infrared radiation. None of these things is readily possible if sensors must be moun

33、ted on building surfaces, such as walls or ceilings. The workstation furniture is the closest to, indeed in contact with, the occupants. But the diculty of making hard-wired connections to furniture systems makes such placement traditionally impossible.The heating and cooling of relatively small loc

34、al body parts like the hands,feet, or face have a disproportionately strong eect on comfort and satisfaction. If these could be comfortably conditioned with a relatively tiny energy input, the overall ambient space temperature could be allowed to oat in a relatively wide range, generating great ener

35、gy savings. Workstation furniture within a building provides promising sites for occupant sensing and comfort control, perhaps using a parallel local HVAC system allowing individual control independent of the central building HVAC system. The localized actuation of heating and cooling panels and jet

36、s within the furniture would probably be best controlled by wireless means, as with a television remote.3 Wireless Sensor-Networks: An Enabling TechnologyThere are at least four attributes of emerging wireless sensor network technology that could be signicant for building applications: small size, l

37、ow power,and self-organization. These attributes will enable a number of new applications that will improve habitability and improve energy eciency.Although buildings are large systems, the small size that is achievable with MEMS technology is desirable for buildings because it allows sensors to be

38、embedded in building materials and furnishings without causing aesthetic problems. For example, Hill 9 describes the development of a single-chip wireless sensor node of just ve square millimeters. Small size is also expected to help reduce the per-unit cost of wireless sensors.In the past, the need

39、 for wired power was one of the key attributes of wireless sensor technology that prevented its widespread use in buildings. Low-power radios such as those described by Rabaey et al. 15 combined with ambient energy harvesting systems such as those described by Roundy et al. 16 and rmware designed to

40、 conserve energy stored in batteries or capacitors will allow wireless sensors to operate without wired power for years. This will enable the placement of sensors in locations that have been desirable but impractical in the past. It will also enable mobile sensors. Self-organizing embedded software

41、will allow large networks to congure themselves so that the labor associated with system installation, operation, and maintenance will be lower than it is today. It will enable data from mobile sensors to get where it needs to go.中文译文：环境智能化将如何提高建筑物的可居住性和能源使用效率摘要.环境智能化有可能深刻地影响未来的建筑物的运行。最近在无线传感器网络技术上的

42、突破，将允许（1）传感器和执行器位置的高度灵活，（2）控制系统更加高度分布式的传感器类型和数量的增加，（3）住户在控制回路的参与，（4）需求响应的电力管理，（5）现在独立的建筑系统之间的集成，还有（6）需要更多的传感器信息来有效地运作的混合模式和其他新类型的空调系统。本章介绍了当前的楼宇自动化技术，评估无线传感器技术的一些应用程序如何可以提高质量控制和提高能源的利用效率，并提出未来发展的机遇。 1 介绍建筑物主要为他们的居住者提供舒适，健康，安全，适合生产的室内环境。一个复杂的系统（供暖，通风，空气调节（HVAC），照明，生命安全设备，建筑本身和建筑的居住者）的混合使用要达到这个目的。由于建筑

43、物往往被单独设计和建造，混合系统是几乎每个建筑的独特。大多数建筑基本上是原型设计，而不是用于测试，它们直接投入运行。设计者和经营者很少有机会系统地评价他们的建筑如何有效地产生理想的环境，如何节能高效的工作。对整个建筑物的居住者来说，他们有一个劣势 ，他们没有给运营商说明，一旦运作，经营者往往不能确定他们的表现如何，因为没有足够的渠道来收集物理数据和居住者的反馈。因此，他们往往以特设的方式运作在工作中将投诉降到最少。如果有更多的信息资料的话，它就会起到作用。 在过去二十年来，通过计算机控制系统在商业楼宇的应用，大大提高了数据的获取和管理水平。然而，这些系统仍然相对较少的与传感器和执行机构进行沟通

44、，他们的信息，对于真正有效地开发建筑物是不详细或不够可靠的。此外，很少有与暖通空调相关但独立的标志系统，如照明，安全，消防，或居住者信息。住宅楼宇往往是本质上比商业楼宇要简单得多，但即使这样遥感系统的数量和向住户提供的资料仍然达不到最佳 - 通常都包含在一个单一的恒温。 在美国，所有初级能源的38用于建筑环境，比较平均的分在商业和住宅楼宇之间。这是最大的单一能源使用部门，超过运输和工业。商业楼宇，供暖，通风和空调（ HVAC ）消耗大约能源消费总量的28，室内照明紧跟其后占到25%。在住宅楼宇中，空间加热和冷却能源消耗最高，占到43，其次是（各种）杂项使用，占到16，水加热占到了14%。能源部

45、5估计，在这两种建筑类型中，大约一半的能源使用总量可经济性地避免。减少建筑物的能源使用是重要的和可行的。 已经有许多方法来实现这一目标。例如，建筑设计可使用被动式温度控制，自然通风，太阳能控制，采光，以减少暖通空调和照明电器对能源的使用量。新的空调系统，如地板送风，置换通风和冷冻/加热的天花板，可以降低运营成本。旧暖通设备，照明和窗户可被通常更节能的新版本取代。 本章讨论如何扩大环境智能化在楼宇控制系统（的应用），来降低建设运行消耗的能量。在某些情况下，它可能是取得节能水准最快和最具成本效益的方式。在其他国家，扩大智能化可能对一些更有效的新的建筑设计技术来说，在实践中是可行的，必要的。环境智能

46、化的增加，也应有助于产生更适合人类居住的室内环境。在商业楼宇，我们的调查结果一致显示关于热量（太热，太冷）的投诉是不满的最高来源，空气质量，音响和灯光也很高。投票不满意住户的百分比一般超过20。对于制造的物品，这个不满意程度是完全不可接受的，但对于目前的建筑，它显然很难做得更好。我们认为，为了做的更好，住户需要了解和参与室内环境控制。2目前楼宇控制的问题和需要理想的情况下，楼宇控制系统花费一个较低的能源成本就能够保证居住者的舒适性。近年来，顶级的楼宇控制已经更加先进。在商业楼宇，数字控制取代气动控制13，能源管理和控制系统（ EMCS的）现在越来越多地用于大型商业建筑暖通空调系统的监控和管理。

47、其中有些具有网络功能，大部分允许远程监视和控制。然而，通讯和楼宇控制系统的硬件技术已经改变，控制功能仍然简陋，而且很少使用监督控制或嵌入式智能技术。在建筑和室内空间上，遥感与暖通机械相比更为完整。照明控制技术仍然由大量的时钟开关装置组成。这些控件的智能化是低端的，因为传感器和执行机构的数量有限，不能切实做到得多。传感器和执行机构，在历史上一直非常昂贵，使他们的数量理所当然的很少。在一幢商业大厦中安装一个传感器或控制器的单位成本可能高达1000美元。90的成本花费在为功率传感器的运行提供电能和通信的电线上。安装电线，通常需要在墙壁和天花板上开口，然后再装修。通常情况下传感器（安装）的最合适位置（

48、比如一个上班族的办公桌或椅子上），在某些情况下是无法使用有线传感器的，因为它必须（安装）在建筑物的表面上。所以结果都是传感器安装在了最方便和廉价的地方。这将导致建筑物处于“感官饥饿”的情况下。建筑物上少量运行的传感器的数据，其准确性不能交叉检查，其测量位置可能无法代表居民实际体验的环境。这样的缺点，设计师却认为在情理之中，（因为）整个建筑设计方法基本上是错误的。建筑物可以设想成为一定级别的室内空间控制的一个单一的节点，机械系统设计是为了混合空气，在这样的空间使空气均匀，消耗了能源，降低了空气质量，即使不同的空间对光的需求不同，灯具也都整齐地摆着一列。居住者的投诉导致了他们工作效率的降低，维修费

49、用也每年增加了数百万美元。例如，Federspiel7说，报道称，最常见的反应热感（冷/热）投诉所采取的行动是调整控制系统的设置，实现自动控制可以减少20的空调维修费用。额外的传感器会更容易地自动解决由住户报告上来的问题，并在必要时派遣维修人员来解决这个问题。此外，热舒适性除了温度，还取决于多种因素。如果空间是由一个单一的温度传感器控制，温度必须紧紧控制在一个狭窄的范围内，以避免温控器无法检测的潜在的其他变量，如空气运动或辐射所造成的不适。这种严格的控制要求空调系统有额外的能耗。如果环境有更加复杂的变化，它会调整以提供尽可能有效的舒适和通风。建筑的开发从来没有直接考虑居住者的舒适性。通过控制能够获得有关个别住户的舒适性的信息已被提出