土木工程专业英语Academic English .ppt

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1、ACADEMIC ENGLISH OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGDepartment of Civil Engineering,Xiamen UniversityContentsCharacteristic of Scientific EnglishWord roots and partsScientific academic speakingScientific academic listeningScientific academic reading and writingWhat will we do in this course?vWhy learn scientific E

2、nglish and academic English?Focuses on scientific academic English for speaking,listening,reading and writing;Uses simple but correct English when describing and explaining,and omits linguistic terms as much as possible.Natural ScienceMolecular biology,genetics,agriculture,animal science,ecology,env

3、ironmental science,etc.Physics(mechanics,optics,nuclear physics,etc.),chemistry(analytical chemistry,material science,biochemistry,organic chemistry,etc.),astronomy,cosmology,etc.Geology,geography,hydrology,oceanography,soil science,limnology,mineralogy,etc.Fields of scienceBiological sciences Physi

4、cal sciences Earth sciencesApplied ScienceMarketable productsHypothesis-drivenPrescribed protocols“Industrial”“Commerci-al science”Aeronautics,electronics,engineering(civil,chemical,electrical,mechanical,industrial,materials,etc.),environmental chemistry,etc.Applied Science is seeking of information

5、 that is of immediate use and benefit.The difference between academic English and common English理论概念 假设概念概念，观点English provides a very flexible,and concise framework for scientists to work from.Habitat,Home,Environment,Territory,Surroundings,ResidenceAn examplePeople get natural rubber from rubber tr

6、ees as a white,milky liquid,which is called latex.They mix it with acid,and dry it,and then they send it to countries all over the world.As the rubber industry grew,people needed more and more rubber.They started rubber plantations in countries with hot,wet weather conditions,but these still could n

7、ot give enough raw rubber to meet the needs of growing industry.Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees as a white,milky liquid known as latex.This is treated with acid and dried before being dispatched to countries all over the world.As the rubber industry developed,more and more rubber was re

8、quired.Rubber plantations were established in countries with a hot,humid climate,but these still could not supply sufficient raw rubber to satisfy the requirements of developing industry.CommonScientificTranslation Characteristic专业性专业性客观性客观性精确性精确性熟悉一些基本的专业术语，专业性是熟悉一些基本的专业术语，专业性是第一位的第一位的.客观是科技文献的本质，不

9、需要过多客观是科技文献的本质，不需要过多的修饰，容不得半点儿夸张。的修饰，容不得半点儿夸张。科学信息的灵魂是准确性，因此翻译科学信息的灵魂是准确性，因此翻译时要做到转换准确，方圆分明。时要做到转换准确，方圆分明。信信雅雅达达揭示客观规律和客观事实，是理性思维的产物。理性思维意味着严谨和精确。另外，在翻译过程中，还需注意创造性、有效性、时效性、程式化。Vocabulary CharacteristicCreated using Latin roots,prefixes,and suffixes.Daily wordsDaily wordsLatin/GreekLatin/Greeka-,(ace

10、ntric);ab-(abnormal);anti-(antiaging);-ics(dynamics)CharacteristicCharacteristicExampleExamplev Origin of Professional EnglishHaving strict scientific meaningElement,member,rigidity,uniformity,fire resistanceScienceScienceNew technology,new idea,new terminologyemail,web page,nano-material,nanotechno

11、logy,e-bookSentence Characteristic-The engineering project promises well.-Design of connection is important in steel structure design.-Prestressed concrete is used in buildings.-The prestressing force is computed strictly from the dead load.-Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit producti

12、on with small quantities being made and mass production with large number of identical parts being produced.Inanimate nouns are taken as the subjectPassive voice is popular usedLong sentences are frequently usedWord Roots and PartsPrefixesapprove:re+approve=re-approve;dis+approve=disapprove;pre+appr

13、ove=pre-approve;approve+ing=approving;approve+al=approvalWord rootsSuffixes“Knowing word roots can help you with scientific English”Examples Examples-er,-isb,-ing,-mentin-,re-,de-,un-Common Prefixes and suffixes s,esun,dis,in,nonBase wordTitle in hereTitle in hereTitle in here1.in-means in,into -inb

14、reeding,incision,incline,input -intrinsic2.re-means again,back -recombination,regenerate -reprint,retractable,rewrite3.-ist means person -atheist,chemist -evolutionistExamplespre,sub,inter,etc.Title in hereing,edCommon Latin words and their abbreviations used in written science communication Latin w

15、ord/phraseEnglish meaning ad hoc anno Domini Note that Latin words are commonly italicised,but their abbreviations may or may not beIt is often automatic for the English-speaking science academic to use common Latin words and their abbreviations in the right contexts.The Chinese scientist needs to d

16、o the same.Abbriviation for the special purpose,lacking in planningAD or A.D.ante meridiempost meridiema.m.p.m.circac.or ca.before noon after noon a date after Christ about;used especially in approximate datesCommon Latin words and their abbreviations used in written science communicationEnglish mea

17、ning et cetera exempli gratiaet al.and others(to things only)e.g.id esti.e.in situ that is for example;such as about;used especially in approximate datesAbbriviation Latin word/phrase et alii and other personsetc.vice versa conversely;with things the other way roundMaster and the MasterpiecesvVladim

18、ir Shukhov（18531939）vRobert Maillart（18721940）vOthmar Ammann（18791965）vEugene Freyssinet（18791962）vPier Luigi Nervi（18911979）vSir Ove Arup（18951988）vEduardo Torroja（18991961）vFritz Leonhardt（19091999）vFelix Candela（19101997）vTung-Yen Lin（林同炎）（19122003）vHeinz Isler（19262009）Master and the MasterpiecesvChristian Menn（1927）vJorg Schlaich（1934）vLeslie E.Robertson（1928）vFazlur Khan（19291982）vCecil Balmond（1943）vMichel Virlogeux（1946）vSantiago Calatrava（1951）vWilliam F.Baker（Bill Baker）（1953）vYoshikatsu Tsuboi（坪井善勝）（19071990）vHorst Berger(1928)vGustave Eiffel(1832 1923)