初中英语语法之名词与冠词.doc

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1、英语语法辅导讲义第一讲 名词表示人、事物、地点、时间和抽象概念等的名称的词，叫做名词。名词的分类： 可数名词 普通名词 不可数名词 名词 专有名词可数名词：表示可以分成个体的名词，如teacher, book, boy, cup, dog等。不可数名词：表示无法分成个体的名称，如air, paper, water, coffee, sugar, wind等。考点一：可数名词复数的规则变化及不规则变化可数名词复数的规则变化：1. 一般情况下在词尾加s.如map-maps, kite-kites, girl-girls等。2. 以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的名词，后面通常加es. 如 clas

2、s-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes等。3. 以f或fe结尾的词变f或fe为v，再加es. 如leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, wolf-wolves, knife-knives等。4. 以“辅音字母+y”为结尾的名词，变y为i，再加es. 如party-parties, family-families, story-stories等。 以“元音字母+y”为结尾的名词加s. 如 toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days等。5. 以“辅音字母+o”为结尾的名词，如果是有生命的名词加es, 如 her

3、o-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes等，如果是没有生命的加s，如piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos等。 以“元音字母+o”为结尾的名称加s. 如radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos.可数名词复数的不规则变化：Man-men, woman-women, Englishman-Englishmen, Frenchman-Frenchmen, foot-feet, goose-geese鹅, tooth-teeth牙齿, mouse-mice老鼠。Child-childr

4、en, ox-oxen.单复数相同：sheep-sheep, deer-deer重点考点：想一想下面的复合名词怎样变呢：？Woman policeman女警察, man singer男歌手，woman servant女仆人，man doctor男医生。由man,woman构成的复合名词，前后两个词都变为复数形式。考点二：集体名词在具体语境中的不同意义既可以做单数（指整体）也可以做复数（指成员）的集体名词：family, group, team, company, class, government, crowd人群，audience听众，群众。考点三：名词的所有格名词所有格的构成方法：1. 单

5、数名词在末尾加s. 如 the boys father, Jacks book等。2. 复数名词一般在末尾加, 如 the teachers room, the twins mother. 不规则变化的复数名词后加s. 如the childrens toys, womens rights 妇女的权利。3. 表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加s. 如Japans and Americas problems, 日本的问题和美国的问题。Janes and Marys bikes,简的自行车和玛丽的自行车。 表示共有的所有关系时，在最后一词末加s. 如Japan and Americas prob

6、lems, 日本和美国之间的问题，Jane and Marys father简和玛丽（两个人）的爸爸。4. 表示无生命东西的名词一般与of构成所有格。如the window of the room, the title of the article.文章的题目。重点考点：（1）名词所有格的特殊用法：表示“某人家”、“店铺”时， 所有格后面的名词省略。如 the doctors 诊所 the tailors 裁缝店 my uncles我叔叔家 the Marys 玛丽家（2）名词的双重所有格：构成：1. 名词+of+名词的s所有格 如 a friend of Jacks 2. 名词+of+名词性

7、物主代词 如some friends of mine考查重点：区别双重所有格和of所有格的不同双重所有格：a picture of my mothers 我妈妈拥有的一张照片Of所有格： a picture of my mother 我妈妈本人的一张照片请区分a photo of Jacks 和a photo of Jack ？练习题：1._command the thief not to move.A. The woman policeman B. The women policeman C. The women policemen D. The woman policemen2. I ca

8、lled at _several times this morning, but nobody answered the door.A. Jack B. Jacks C. the Jack D. the Jacks3. He is reading _at the desk.A. a novel of Lu Xun B. Lu Xuns a novel C. some novels of Lu Xun D. a novel of Lu Xuns4. _will join us in the game.A. Some friends of my brothers B. My brothers so

9、me friends C. Some friends of my brother D. Friend of my brother5. The new company needs _to fill the chart.A. a photo of Jack B. a photo of Jacks C. Jacks a photo D. a Jacks photo.英语语法辅导讲义第二讲 冠词冠词的分类：1.不定冠词：a和an, 用在名词之前表示泛指，其意义是“一个”。a用在以辅音因素开头的单词或字母之前，an用在以元音因素开头的单词或字母之前。举例：a university, a one-eyed

10、 horse一匹独眼的马，a European country an hour , an honest boy一个诚实的男孩，an important meeting.注意：关键是看音标中第一个音素是元音还是辅音，而不是看第一个字母。2.定冠词：the, 用在名词之前表示特指，其意义是“这”或“那”。the boy standing under the tree, the water in this bottle3.零冠词：前面不加任何冠词。考点：定冠词与零冠词的用法定冠词的用法： 口诀：特指、重提和唯一，岛屿、海峡和海湾， 海洋、党派、最高级，沙漠、河流与群山， 方位、顺序和乐器，年代、团体

11、与机关，船名、建筑和组织，会议、条约与报刊，姓氏复数、国全名，请你记住用定冠。1.岛屿、海峡和海湾，海洋、党派、沙漠、河流与群山、团体与机关、船名、建筑和组织、会议、条约与报刊、国全名都是专有名词，前面加the.2.特指：说话双方都熟知的人或事物。We go to the company every day. Look at the blackboard, please.3.重提：上文中提到或第二次提到的人或事物。I bought a book, but soon I returned the book.4.唯一：表示世界上独一无二的事物。The sky is blue and clean.

12、He always gets up before the sun rises.5.最高级：形容词的最高级前面加the. The most famous of these animals were dinosaurs恐龙。6.顺序：表示顺序的序数词前面。He took the second bag.7.乐器：西洋乐器的名词前通常用定冠词the，中国传统乐器前不加。Play the piano, play the violin, play er-hu, play pi-pa.8.年代：指世纪或某世纪的某个年代。In the 19th century, in the 1980s或in the 198

13、0s.9.姓氏复数：用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或这一姓氏的夫妻俩。The Greens are watching TV now.10.形容词名词化：the+形容词表示一个群体，the poor, the old.11.定冠词+名词单数表示一类人或事物。The horse is taller than the dog.零冠词的用法：1.表示学科、三餐、棋类和球类运动的名词，表示季节、月份、星期和节日的名词，表示语言的名词前面一般不用冠词。2.by后面表示交通工具或方式的名词前不加冠词。by train, by bus, by plane.3.表示独一无二的职位或头衔时，一般前面不用冠词。W

14、e elected him president of our university.4.两个名词指同一个人或物时，后面的名词前不用冠词。The teacher and writer has come to the meeting. 练习题：1. There is _man standing in the river. Do you know who _ man is ?A. the, a B. a, / C. a, the D. a, a2. We should try to take care of _.A. old man B. the old C. the old man D. old3

15、. _was invented in China.A. Compass B. A compass C. The compass D. An compass4. Dont forget to invite _to the dance.A. the Jordans B. Jordans C. a Jordan D. the Jordan5. It was _Sunday in May, when my brother and I decided to go for a long walk in _French countryside.A. /, / B. a, the C. a, / D. /,

16、the6. Three years later, Tom was elected_ monitor of our class.A. a B. the C./ D. an7. Alice is fond of playing _piano while Mary is interested in listening to _music.A. /, the B. the, / C. the, the D. /, /8. Everyone should learn from _Lei Feng and try to be _Lei Feng.A. /, a B. /, / C. the, the D. /, the9. _teacher and _writer from Beijing University was invited to the conference. A. The, the B. /, the C. The, / D. /, /6