翻译-文化产业作为新的城市第三产业发展的结果.doc

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1、CULTURAL INDUSTRY AS A RESULTOF NEW CITY TERTIARIZATIONDavid BoleABSTRACTThe article introduces a new form of economic activities, which has attracted much attentionduring the past years.This new form is cultural industry, a term which defines a certain part of tertiary activities, the importance of

2、 which is rapidly gaining in importance within cities.The term cultural industry includes all highly specialized services, which provide products and services, that have a higher symbolic than material value and trade with intellectual property rights. The article provides precise definitions of cul

3、tural industry and an empirical presentation in the case of Ljubljana. Furthermore the article also implies possible consequences of cultural industry on the economic and spatial development of cities.KEY WORDS: geography, economic geography, cultural industry, tertiarization, tertiary activities, u

4、rban geography, creativity, Ljubljana.1 IntroductionFor decades has Slovenia been facing the imposing process of economy transformation from the so called material activities into non-material. Part of the latter are those activities which result in products with only a symbolic value. Due to the ci

5、rcumstances of economic globalization the industrial production is migrating to areas, where costs of production are minimal, and along with other conditions of globalization, such as liberalization of world trade, deregulation of financial sources and the development of information and communicatio

6、ns technologies, cause a substantial shift in the economic structure of developed countries (Ravbar. Bole 2007, 14).This shift refers to the changed structure of the industrial sector of the economy, which has to transform.Deindustrialization is a transformation of the industrial sector of the econo

7、my, which has, in the modern conditions of globalization, technologic advances Mid internationalization of trade, been forced to change. It is also the main process, which marks the transformation into a post-industry society. Deindustrialization marks the reduction of the number of employed people

8、in the manufacturing sector of the economy, yet it doesnt reduce the importance of this sector. The process of deindustrialization is an internal reorganization of industry, marked by strengthening of its productivity, parallel to the reduction of workforce costs (Rowthorn, Ramaswamy 1999, 22). A su

9、ccessfully transformed industry will employ less people, but will at the same time, maintain or even raise its production.A characteristic of the economy in developed countries is a reduced rate of low-qualified workforce, which represents the biggest group, and on the other hand the increase in emp

10、loyment of highly educated workforce, which forms the smallest group. The same can be seen in the case of Slovenia, where even with a greater deindustrialization and unemployment of industrial workers in the 1990-ies, in most cases, the indexes of production show growth, especially in the chemical,

11、pharmaceutical, electrical and car industry (Bole 2008, 136).Tertiarization is not, as is most of the time a rather simplified explanation, the only logical consequence of reducing workplaces in the industry. Tertiarization is predominantly a result of broader socio-economic changes. Highly speciali

12、zed and technologically developed economy needs a broad spectre of services, from science and research to specialized financial, trading, accounting and other services. Sassen ( 1995) mentions three types of services, which are a reflection of economic globalization and are rapidly spreading.The fir

13、st are producer services, which are intended for companies, oriented towards the global market. Among those there are some financial and other service institutions, which hold their relation towards their consumers for the most important. The second type are control functions and represent public ad

14、ministration and all institutions of exercising control and power. The third type are market oriented services,which difter from the first type of companies in not servicing other companies, but producing products themselves and forming added value. These are companies, which mostly produce non-mate

15、rial products in the form of highly specialized services, which are known for its high input of human capital combined with the use of advanced technologies. For these and other specialized services a remarkable growth in the last decade is characteristic, relating to the number of employees as well

16、 as to the economic potential- we deal with the so called new tertiarization (Ravbar, Bole, Nared 2005, 25).This article will mainly focus on the characteristics of the third type of services, due to the fact that these are a brand new form of services, which are characteristic for the post-industri

17、al era. Cultural industry is the most widely used expression, which marks the rise of specialized services in the city. Tertiarization includes other economic activities, for example public services, nevertheless is cultural industry the most common term of the “new economy”, which is characterized

18、by diversity and a creative process of formation of services and products (Montgomery 2007).2 Definition of cultural industryMontgomery (2007) defined cultural industry as the main feature of modern urban economy.Montgomery Stand resembles that of Hall (1998), who bases it on the premise of each typ

19、e of economic progress developing its specific forms of industry. In certain historic eras the city was marked by iron and steel industry, later on massive-production industry (for example car industry), and today by industry, named by Montgomery as the industry of the 5 wave (2007). This term relat

20、es to the 5 Kondratieff wave (cycle), which is marked by the post-Ford istic mode of accumulating capital and change of production and consumption from a mass into a more flexible form.文化产业作为新的城市第三产业发展的结果大卫伯乐 摘要：本文阐述了一个在近几年广受关注的经济活动的新模式文化产业，它界定了第三产业中既定的一部分的范围。这个范围的重要性在各个城市中越来越受关注。文化产业这个主题包括了所有具有高度专业

21、化的服务行业。这些行业提供比物质价值和知识产权交易更具标志性的产品和服务。本文提供精确的文化产业定义和以卢布尔雅那市为例的经验总结。此外，本文也揭示了文化产业在城市经济性和间隙性的发展中可能导致的结果。关键词：地理，经济地理，文化产业，第三产业，第三产业活动，城市地理，创意，卢布尔雅那市1 简介 几十年来，斯洛文尼亚一直面临着经济转型实施过程中把所谓的物质生产资料转换为非物质生产资料的活动。后者的部分活动体现在产品中只具有象征性的价值。在经济全球化的背景之下，工业生产被迁移到生产成本最小的各地去了，而且随着全球化的其他条件，如世界贸易自由化，资金来源的放松管制以及信息和通信技术的发展，导致了发

22、达国家经济结构的重大转变。 这种转变是指工业行业结构的改变。在全球化、技术进步和贸易国际化进程的现实背景下，非工业化已意味着经济的一个产业部门的转变。这也是社会转型进入后工业化社会的一个主要过程。非工业化也意味着制造业就业人数的减少，但它并不意味着这一行业重要性的降低。 非工业化的过程是一次产业内部结构的重组，这次重组以生产力的提高为标志，也等同于劳动力成本的降低。一个行业的成功转变将导致员工数量的减少，但同时，也能维持甚至提高其生产力。一个发达国家的经济特点是拥有很多低素质劳动力的较大型企业的数量的减少，体现在另一方面则是拥有高素质劳动力雇用比例的较小型企业的数量的增加。同样可以看到，在斯洛

23、文尼亚，即使具有更高的非工业化程度，并在20世纪90年代拥有较高的工业工人失业率，但大多数情况下，生产指标仍显示增长，特别是在化学、制药、电力和汽车工业中体现得尤为明显。 第三产业则不然，大部分情况下它只是一个简化的解释，那就是减少工厂内的工作场所将导致的唯一符合逻辑的结果。第三产业是更广泛的社会经济变化的结果。高度专业化和科技化的发达经济需要从科研到专门的金融、 贸易、会计及其它服务行业中的一个广泛而深刻的服务业。萨森（1995 年）提到三种经济全球化导致的服务业类型，这种提法正在迅速地传播开来。 第一种类型面向全球市场，并为其他公司提供生产服务。其中有一些关系到金融和其它服务机构。这对其消

24、费者而言最为重要。第二种类型具有控制功能，并代表公共行政及所有机构行使控制的权利。第三类是面向市场的服务类，与第一种类型的公司不同的是：它不为其他公司提供服务，但自己生产产品，并形成附加值。这些都是主要生产非物质产品的公司，这些公司因其较高的人力资本输入和先进的技术投入而具有高度专业化水准，并因此闻名。对于这种类型的服务公司和其它专业服务公司来说，在过去的十年中，有显著增长的是有关雇员的数量和经济潜力的特色表现，也就是我们所说的第三产业。 本文将主要讨论第三种类型的服务业的特点，因为这种类型是服务业的一个新的品牌形式。这种形式的出现标志着我们已进入后工业化时代。文化产业是这种类型使用最广泛的名

25、称，它标志着城市中专业服务的兴起。第三产业还包括其它的经济活动，例如公共服务。不过文化产业是第三产业这种“新经济”最为常用的术语，其特点是以多样性和创造性的过程形成服务与产品。2 文化产业的定义 蒙哥马利 （2007 年） 将文化产业定义为最具现代城市经济特征的产业。 蒙哥马利支持类似于市政大厅 （1998 年）的观点，这个观点是建立在每一种经济发展都会开发出其自身独有的工业形式这种前提下的。在特定的历史年代，这座城市以钢铁工业作为标志性特点，之后，以大规模生产行业 （如汽车行业）为标志，而现在，以被蒙哥马利称为“第5 波工业”的产业为标志。 这个产业与第五个经济周期（循环）有关，这个经济周期的特点是福特式的资金积累模式和生产、消费更新方式，这个方式从大量生产转变为了一个更具灵活性的生产方式。（后文省略） 文化产业管理专业2006级 肖高光译指导老师：尹红群