物流管理 文献翻译.doc

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1、 The Definition of Logistics Ronald H Ballou.Business Logistics Management M.Prentice Hall, 2010. After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of lo

2、gistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place. 1.Three major functions of logistics

3、(1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods. (2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different l

4、ocations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics. (3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is

5、the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods. 2.Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include: (1) Modern logistics adopts containerization techniques. Th

6、e goods transfer process starts with packaging, followed by transportation, storage and distribution. The whole process is operated under logistics standards. Based on the logistics base module of 600400mm, from the logistics module of 1,2001,000mm, and enlarge to the size of 2,5912,438mm-the size o

7、f highwide of the container. It can be adjusted to the standard sizes of containers for trains, trucks and ships. (2) Information technologies are most important for modern logistics. Bar Code, POS, EDI and GPS systems dramatically improve the efficiency and accuracy of the logistics activities. Int

8、ernet further assists the market development, operation and management of the logistics industry. 3.International Logistics An increasing number of companies are involving in international markets through exporting, licensing, joins ventures, and ownership. This trend should continue. With such expa

9、nsion there is a need to develop worldwide logistics networks. Integrated logistics management and cost analysis will be more complex and difficult to manage.There are some future trends in internationalization: (1) More logistics executives with international responsibilities (2) Expansion of the n

10、umber and size of foreign trade zones. (3) Reduction in the amount of international paperwork and documentation (4) More foreign warehousing is owned and controlled by the exporting firm (5) Increasing number of smaller firm (6) Foreign ownership of logistics service firms, e. g., public warehousing

11、 and transportation carriers. (7) Increasing multiple distribution channelsThe international transport and the international logistics are same things in some way. So, when the international trading involved, the firm must establish international logistics systems to provide the products and service

12、 demanded. The most significant development in international logistics will be the increasing sophistication information system adopted and independent departments to operate.4.Packaging.Packaging performs two basic functionsmarketing and logistics. In marketing the packaging acts promotion and adve

13、rtising. Its size, weight, color, and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge of the product. When firms are involved in international marketing, packaging becomes even more important. Products sold to foreign countries travel greater distances and undergo more handling operations

14、. The logistics package is to protect the products during the process of logistics.Scrap disposal. The logistics process must effectively and quickly handle, transport, and store waste products. If they can be reused or recycled, logistics company should arrange and move them to the reproduction and

15、 reprocessing locations.Return goods handling. The handling of return goods is often called reverse distribution. Buyers may return items to the seller for a number of reasons. Most logistics systems are not good enough to handle such cases. In many industries, consumers return products for warranty

16、 repair, replacement, or recycling, reverse distribution costs may be very high. Reverse distribution will become more important as customers demand more flexible and favorable return policies. 5.Third Part Logistics ( TPL) Third Part Logistics provides all the logistics services. They act as a brid

17、ge or facilitator between the first part( supplier or producer) and the second part( buyer or customer). The primary objectives of third part logistics providers are to lower the total cost of logistics for the supplier and improve the service level to the customer.Third Part Logistics have been gro

18、wing rapidly. Cost reduction and demands for batter and cheaper services are the main drives behind the growth. A third part logistics provider will be in a position to consolidate business from several companies and offer frequent pickups and deliveries, whereas inhouse transportation cannot. Other

19、 reasons are as follows:* The company does not specialize in logistics;* The company does not have sufficient resources;* Eager to implement better logistics operation or does not have time to develop the required capabilities inhouse;* The company is venturing into a new business with totally diffe

20、rent logistics requirements;* Merger or acquisition may make outsourcing logistics operations more attractive than to integrate logistics operations. 6.Global Logistics Developed countries often deal with globalization in two ways: to be more cost competitive with third world countries, and to look

21、for new partners in other countries to manufacture components, subassemblies and even the final products. The second approach forces most developed countries to get into a new area called “ global logistics”.Benefits of global operations include cheap raw materials and end products, lower labor cost

22、, better quality, increased internal competition and better customer service. Some of the disadvantages are unreliable delivery, poor communication and longer time from design to finish production. Challenges are often cultural and linguistic differences, legal requirements, logistics suppliers or m

23、anufacturers, exchange rates.There are three major flows involved in global logistics: material flow, document flow and cash flow. 7.Logistics into the Future Logistics is changing at a rapid and acceleration rate. There are two reasons are its rapid growth: Firstly, pressure to change by the develo

24、pment of the system itself (1) Highspeed computing and data transmission can instantly transmit and react to user demand (2) More flexible and accurate logistic planning and control through computers and data processing (3) Flexible computer facilities help problem solving and increase decisions acc

25、uracy (4) Awareness of total cost measurement and management accounting Secondly, pressures for changes from the wider economy. (1) Be flexible in handling markets of different sizes for better competition (2) There is increasing specialization in markets and growth in retailing. (3) Life cycles for

26、 products are shortening. Logistics systems need to be more efficient, faster and more flexible (4) Move from mass production towards flexible manufacturing system( FMS). These systems enable a company to switch production quickly from one product to another (5) Competitive pressures lead to more ef

27、forts to improve customer service. 8.The process of logistical integration can be divided into four stages:Stage 1. Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities associated with distribution. Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of

28、all processes within physical distribution management( PDM).Stage 2. PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials, components, and subassemblies, generally known as “ materials management”. By the late 1970s, many firms had established “ logistics department” with overall responsibility for

29、the movement, storage, and handling of products upstream and downstream of the production operation.Stage 3. Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other functions. With the emergence of business process reengineering( BPR) in the early 1990s, the relationship bet

30、ween logistics and related functions was redefined. “ System integration” occurred. Crossfunctional integration should achieve greater results. 物流的定义 文献翻译 在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。这就是物流的定义。在物流过程中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备(物流运输工具等)的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。 一、物流的三大主要功能

31、 (1)创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。储存创造了商品的时间价值。 (2)创造场所价值: 同种商品因所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因商品流转过程中而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。 (3)同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的长度、厚度和包装形态。物流中经常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的形式。大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。 二、物流作为新兴的商务领域,经历了从传统物流向现代物流发展的两个阶段。这两个阶段的不同主要体现在以下

32、两个方面: (1)现代物流采用了集装技术。商品物流往往从包装开始,而后经历运输、储存和配送等过程。整个过程始终在物流标准化的前提下运行。以物流基础模数尺寸600400MM为基础,制定出物流模数尺寸12001000MM,并将其放大至25912438MM,即形成集装箱的高度与宽度标准尺寸。并能调整成适合铁运、汽运和船运的集装箱标准规格尺寸。 (2)信息技术在现代物流中尤其重要。条形码、销售时点系统、电子数据传输系统、全球卫星定位系统的使用,极大地提高了物流活动的效率和精确程度。而互联网更加有助于物流管理的市场开发、运营和管理。 随着社会的发展，行业竞争的日趋激烈，如何提高工作效率、降低管理成本、提

33、高服务水平和企业的竞争能力，是每一个企业管理者最为关注的问题。越来越多的管理者认为实行计算机科学化管理是解决这一问题的关键。物流运输企业由于行业特点，传统操作过程复杂，文件繁多，竞争日趋激烈。越来越多的信息问题涌现出来，例如：一方面，要不断开发客户市场，对客户的基本资料，货物分布情况、联系人的喜好及联系方式有较为全面的了解，另一方面，要作好财务的收付工作，确保运费能按时的收付，欠款一目了然，及时催缴。以往查阅厚厚的文件资料的做法，显然是不可取的。必须采取更有效的解决办法。同时收集处理信息的速度、信息的准确性、安全性，还影响到公司整体的管理水平和决策层对整体业务的控制和协调。采用计算机软件管理信

34、息是解决上述问题的一个行之有效的办法。 物流管理软件，就是根据物流运输企业业务流程，将企业业务的各类数据联系起来，组成一个有机的系统，使得业务、财务、市场等方面的信息得以方便、快捷地传递，并经过综合处理生成各种报表送交给各个职能部门及决策层。应用物流管理软件系统不仅可以节省大量的人力，减少工作中的失误，对客户的询问可以迅速的从电脑中查询信息答复客户，而且可以帮助决策者及时调整公司经营策略，提高公司在同行业中的知名度，增强公司的竞争力。 过去物流管理着重在企业内部作业与组织的整合，对下游顾客的对应，是以服务与品质为主要重心。因此，评价物流的管理业绩和效果的准则，多半是以处理订单周期时间的速度，供

35、货率及完成质量来量度。 三、国际物流 很多企业正通过出口、许可、合营或跨国经营涉足国际市场。这种趋势仍将持续。随着这种趋势的发展，开发国际物流网络成为必须。整合物流管理和成本分析将更加复杂和困难。 国际化将呈现出以下未来趋势： (1)物流将更多地承担起国际义务 (2)对外贸易区的数量和规模的扩大 (3)国际有纸作业和单据制作的数量的减少 (4)更多的涉外仓储业务由出口企业经营和控制 (5)小企业的数量增长 (6)物流服务企业的涉外经营，如公营仓储业务和国际运输商 (7)增加多配送渠道 从某些方面讲，国际运输等同于国际物流。因此，当涉足国际贸易领域时，企业必须建立国际物流系统以提供需要的产品或服

36、务。国际物流的更重要的发展在于大力采用先进的信息系统和实行独立的部门运作。 四、包装 包装执行两个基本的功能营销和物流。就市场营销而言，包装承担促销和广告的功能。其尺寸、重量、颜色和印制的信息会对顾客产生吸引力并将产品信息传达给顾客。当企业涉足国际市场营销时，包装就显得更为重要。出口到国外的产品需要运输更长的距离，经历更多的装卸搬运。而物流包装在物流过程中起到了保护产品的作用。 废弃物处理。物流过程中的活动也应当包括高效快速地对废弃物进行装卸、运输和仓储。如若废弃物能够重新利用或回收，物流企业应当合理安排并将其运送到再生产或再加工地点。 退货处理。退货处理通常叫做反向配送。买方可能因各种原因将

37、产品退回卖方。多数物流系统未能对此类事件作出足够妥善的处理。在很多行业，消费者因维修保证、更换或回收而退回产品，因而反向配送的成本可能会很高。由于顾客对退货政策的要求更加灵活、更加实惠，反向配送将更加重要。 五、第三方物流 第三方物流提供了所有的物流活动。他们在第一方（供应商或生产商）和第二方（买方或顾客）之间扮演着桥梁或设施供应商的角色。第三方物流提供商的基本目标是降低供应商的整体物流成本，提高顾客服务水平。 第三方物流增长十分迅速。成本降低和对更好更便宜的服务的需求是增长背后的动力。第三方物流提供商能够将来自几家企业的业务进行整合，并能提供频繁的提货和交货，而企业内部运输无法做到。（第三方

38、物流发展的）其它原因如下： * 企业并不专长于物流 * 企业自身没有足够的物流资源 * 对实施更好的物流运作的期盼，或没有时间开发内部物流所需要的能力 * 企业正投资一项新领域，该领域有着不同的物流需求 * 外包物流运营可能比整合物流运营更加有吸引力 六、全球物流 发达国家常在两个方面实施全球化:在第三世界国家谋求更大的成本优势,以及在其他国家寻找新的合作伙伴生产零配件、半成品甚至制成品。这第二个方面迫使发达国家不得不进入一个叫做“全球物流”的新领域。 全球经营的利益包括(获得)廉价的原材料和终端产品,降低的劳动成本,更好的质量,提升国际竞争力以及更好的客户服务。其缺点主要是交货的不可靠性,艰

39、难的沟通以及从产品的设计到产品的生产完成需要更长的时间。面临的挑战经常来自于文化和语言的差异,法律要求,物流支持,寻求合适的全球供应商或生产商,外汇汇率等。全球物流涉及到三种流转:物料流转,单据流转和资金流转。 七、物流走向未来 物流正以高速改变着。其高速增长原因有二: 第一,因自身系统的发展而被迫变革 (1)高速计算机系统和数据交换系统能持续地对用户需求实行流转和操作 (2)通过计算机和数据加工能实现更加灵活的精确的物流计划和管理 (3)柔性计算机设施有助于问题的解决和提高决策的精确度 (4)对整体成本衡量和财务管理的清醒认识 第二,来自范围经济变革的压力。 (1)为了谋求更大竞争力,对于不

40、同规模市场的处理需要有灵活性 (2)市场规格和零售增长的大幅度提升 (3) 产品的生产周期缩短。物流系统就要更高效、更快、更灵活 (4) 从规模生产转向柔性生产系统(FMS) 。这些系统能使企业从一种产品的生产迅速转向另一种产品的生产 (5)竞争的压力导致企业更加努力地提高客户服务水平。 八、物流整合的过程可分为三个阶段: 第一阶段:开始于20世纪60年代的美国,涉及到所有相关的配送活动的整合。分离的经销部门得协调与货物配送管理(PDM)相关的所有过程的管理。 第二阶段:PDM应用于物流、部件和半成品的往返流转活动,通常称之为“物料管理”。至20世纪70年代晚期,很多企业业已建立了“物流部门”以全权负责与生产运作相关的上游和下游产品的搬运、仓储和装卸等。 第三阶段:因其成为面对众多功能的接口,物流承担起重要的协调作用。随着20世纪90年代早期业务流程再造(BPR)的出现,物流及其相关功能的关系被重新定义。“系统整合”开始出现。功能交叉整合应该大幅度实现。