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1、智能建筑和建筑管理系统摘要：伴随着社会的急速发展，民用高层建筑也日益趋于智能化。本文主要介绍智能建筑的设计和智能家居的应用，照明系统的节能和控制方法，以及北方建筑的暖气设计应用。关键词：智能建筑、智能家居、照明控制、照明系统、暖气1前言智能The field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, Building Management Systems (BMS) encompasses an enormous variety of technologies, across commercial, industrial, institution

2、al and domestic buildings, including energy management systems and building controls.领域的建筑，智能家居，建筑管理系统（房屋管理中心）包含了一个巨大的各种技术，各地商业，工业，体制和住宅楼宇，包括能源管理系统和建设控制The function of Building Management Systems is central to Intelligent Buildings concepts; its purpose is to control, monitor and optimise building s

3、ervices, eg., lighting; heating; security, CCTV and alarm systems; access control; audio-visual and entertainment systems; ventilation, filtration and climate control, etc.; even time & attendance control and reporting (notably staff movement and availability).的功能，建设管理系统的核心是智能建筑的概念，其目的是为了控制、监测和优化建设服

4、务，例如，照明;加热;安全，闭路电视及警报系统;存取控制;视听和娱乐系统;通风，过滤和气候控制等;甚至产品的考勤控制和报告（尤其是工作人员的运动和供货）The potential within these concepts and the surrounding technology is vast, and our lives are changing from the effects of Intelligent Buildings developments on our living and working environments.潜在的这些概念和周边技术是巨大的，和我们的生活正在发生

5、变化的影响，从智能建筑的设计与发展对我们的生活和工作环境The impact on facilities planning and facilities management is also potentially immense.的影响，对设施的规划和设施管理，也是潜在的巨大的。 Any facilities managers considering premises development or site relocation should also consider the opportunities presented by Intelligent Buildings technolo

6、gies and concepts.任何设施管理人员考虑楼宇发展或网站的搬迁也应考虑所带来的机会智能建筑技术及概念。 This free summary article is contributed by Gary Mills, a leading UK-based expert in the field of Intelligent Buildings, Intelligent Homes, and Building Management Systems.这项免费的概要文章是由一家总部设在英国的首席专家加里米尔斯提供，他在智能建筑，智能家居，以及大厦管理系统都有非常熟练以及高超的水平。The

7、 origins of Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems have roots in the industrial sector in the 1970s, from the systems and controls used to automate production processes and to optimise plant performances.智能建筑物和建筑管理系统在20世纪70年代已经在工业界开始应用，从制度和管制使用的自动化生产过程和管理植物的生长。发达国家智能建筑在80年代The concept

8、s and applications were then adapted, developed and modularised during the 1980s, enabling transferability of the technology and systems to the residential and commercial sectors.概念和应用软件的发展和标准化，使智能楼宇的技术和系统，可以在以住宅和商业部门之间转让。2智能建筑控制理论 智能建筑The essence of Building Management Systems and Intelligent Build

9、ings is in the control technologies, which allow integration, automation, and optimisation of all the services and equipment that provide services and manages the environment of the building concerned.的本质，建设管理系统和智能建筑是在控制技术，使服务一体化，自动化和优化的所有服务和设备提供服务和管理环境的建设。 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) form

10、ed the original basis of the control technologies.可编程逻辑控制器（PLC） ，形成了原来的基础上的控制技术。 Later developments, in commercial and residential applications, were based on distributed-intelligence microprocessors.后来的事态发展，在商业和住宅的申请，是基于分布式智能的微处理器 。 稍后The use of these technologies allows the optimisation of various

11、 site and building services, often yielding significant cost reductions and large energy savings.chaoh这些技术的采用和发展，让各种网站的建设和服务得以优化，往往高产显着并且降低成本和节省大量能源。 There are numerous methods by which building services within buildings can be controlled, falling broadly into two method types:有很多方法，其中建设服务的建筑物内可以得到控

12、制，下降大致可分为二的方法类型： Time based - providing heating or lighting services, etc., only when required, and基于时间-提供暖气或照明服务等，只有在需要时；基本Optimiser Parameter based - often utilising a representative aspect of the service, such as temperature for space heating or illuminance for lighting.参数的优化-经常使用的名词，代表环境方面的服务，如温

13、度的空间加热或照度的照明。 3暖气3.1基于时间的控制3Time-based controls can be used to turn on and off the heating system (and/or water heating) at pre-selected periods (of the day, of the week, etc).基于时间的控制，可以用来打开和关闭供暖系统（和/或热水）在预先选定的时期（一天，一周等） 。 Optimiser Parameters: whatever the conditions, the controls make sure the bui

14、lding reaches the desired temperature when occupancy starts.优化参数：无论任何条件下，确保建设达到预期的温度，开始入住房间。3.2优化基于参数（温度）控制的例子 Temperature control: protection against freezing or frost protection generally involves running heating system pumps and boilers when external temperature reaches a set level (0C).温度控制：保护对冻

15、结或霜冻保护一般涉及运行供暖系统水泵和锅炉，当外部温度达到了一定时（ 0 C时） 。 Compensated systems: will control flow temperature in the heating circuit relative to external temperature.补偿系统：当室外温度下降，将控制流温度，在加热电路相对外部温度。 This will give a rise in the circuit flow temperature when outside temperature drops.这将提供一个上升的电路流温度。 Thermostatic rad

16、iator valves: these sense space temperature in a room and throttle the flow accordingly through the radiator or convector to which they are fitted.散热器恒温阀：这些意义上的空间温度在一个房间内和节流阀的流量相关，所以通过装上散热器或变换器控制。 Proportional control: involves switching equipment on and off automatically to regulate output.比例控制：涉及交

17、换设备，并自动关闭，以规管输出。 Other methods can include thermostats, occupancy sensing PIRs (passive infra-red sensors), and manual user control.其他的方法可以包括恒温器，红外传感（被动式红外线感应器） ，用户手册和控制。 4照明控制方法 Different control systems exist, again time-based control and optimiser parameter-based where a level of illuminance or p

18、articular use of lighting is required.不同的控制系统的存在，再次基于时间的控制和优化基于参数的情况下的水平照度或特定用途的照明是必需的。 Zones: lights are switched on corresponding to the use and layout of the lit areas, in order to avoid lighting a large area if only a small part of it needs light.区域：灯开关就相应的使用和布局的照明领域，如果只有一小部分，为了避免照明一大片，它需要微亮。 Ti

19、me control: to switch on and off automatically in each zone to a preset schedule for light use.时间控制：开关和关闭自动在每个区域，以预设的时间表，轻微损耗。 Passive Infra-Red (PIR) Occupancy sensing: In areas which are occupied intermittently, occupancy sensors can be used to indicate whether or not anybody is present and switch

20、 the light on or off accordingly.被动式红外线（红外）入住遥感：在地区是被侵入的间歇，入住传感器可以用来表明是否或有没有任何人。 Light level monitoring: this consists of switching or dimming artificial lighting to maintain a light level measured by a photocell.轻一级的监测：这包括调光开关或人工照明，以维持一个轻的水平来衡量一个光电。 5建设管理系统和智能建筑5.1节约能源Until recent years, energy eff

21、iciency has been a relatively low priority and low perceived opportunity to building owners and investors.直到最近几年，能源效率一直是大厦的业主和投资者比较低的优先和低限度的考虑。 However, with the dramatic increase and awareness of energy use concerns, and the advances in cost-effective technologies, energy efficiency is fast becomin

22、g part of real estate management, facilities management and operations strategy.但是，随着急剧增加的和认识能源使用的关注和进步，符合成本效益的技术，能源效率正在迅速成为一部分房地产管理，设施管理和运作策略The concepts are also now making significant inroads into the domestic residential housebuilding sectors.的概念，现在也作出重大大举进入国内住宅建筑部门。 For lighting, energy savings

23、 can be up to 75% of the original circuit load, which represents 5% of the total energy consumption of the residential and commercial sectors.照明，节约能源的最多可以有75 的原电路的负荷，它代表5 的能源消费总量的住宅和商业部门。 Energy savings potential from water heating, cooling, or hot water production, can be up to 10%, which represent

24、s up to 7% of the total energy consumption of the domestic residential and commercial sectors.节约能源的潜力，从水加热，冷却，或热水的生产，最多可以有10 ，代表多达7 的能源消费总量的国内住宅及商业部门。 Experiences from studies in Austria suggest potential heating and cooling energy savings are up to 30% in public buildings.经验研究表明，在奥地利的潜在加热和冷却可节省的能源是

25、高达30 ，在公共建筑物。 Even allowing for the fact that buildings used in the study may have been those with particularly high energy usage, the figure is an impressive one.甚至让事实，即建筑物所使用的研究可能已被那些有特别高的能源用量，这个数字是一个令人印象深刻的一个。 (Source: EU2 Analysis and Market Survey for European Building Technologies in Central &

26、 Eastern European Countries - GOPA)（资料来源： eu2分析和市场调查，欧洲的建筑技术在中环及中东欧国家） 5.2环境和温室气体的好处5Greenhouse gas emission reductions depend on and correlate to reductions in energy use.减少对温室气体排放量的依赖和相关的减少能源的使用。 Intelligent Buildings and Building Management Systems technologies contribute directly to the reductio

27、n in energy use, in commercial, industrial, institutional and domestic residential sectors.智能建筑和楼宇管理系统的技术直接有助于减少能源的使用，在商业，工业，体制和国内住宅部门。 In short, Intelligent Buildings and suitably applied Building Management Systems are good for the environment.在短期内，智能楼宇和适当的应用管理系统的建设有利于环境。 Legislation and environme

28、ntal standards; health and safety regulations; and global trends towards improving indoor air quality standards are all significant drivers of - and provide a continuous endorsement of the need for - Building Management Systems and the Intelligent Buildings technologies.立法和环境标准，卫生和安全规定，和全球趋势对改善室内空气质

29、量标准，都是显着的办法， 并提供一个连续认可的需要-建设管理系统和智能建筑技术。 Government Initiatives around the world are also driving the development and adoption of Building Management Systems technologies.政府的措施在世界各地也有强劲的发展，并通过大厦管理系统的技术。 For example the UK Carbon Trust allows Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) to be offset against taxa

30、tion on energy efficient systems, which enables savings of around 30% for all energy-related Building Management Systems and Intelligent Buildings equipment, and the associated installation and design costs.例如，英国碳信托允许增强资本免税额（非洲经委会） ，以作抵销对税务关于能源效率的制度，从而使储蓄的30 左右，为所有能源相关的建设管理系统和智能楼宇设备，以及相关的安装和设计成本。 5.

31、3市场趋势Careful interpretation is required.仔细解释，是必要的。 In the UK, adoption of controls technologies into the new build and major refurbishment sectors is relatively high: Estimates a few years ago of the UK market for Building Management Control Systems for new build and major refurbishment, all sectors

32、, suggest market adoption of (as at 1994 - Source UK1 An Appraisal of UK Energy RTD, ETSU -1994):在英国，通过控制技术进入新的建设和翻新的主要行业是比较高的：估计在数年前的英国市场的建设管理控制系统的新建和主要翻新，所有部门，建议通过市场（如在1994年，评估英国能源的RTD）： Heating controls 70%.暖气控制70 ； Hot water system controls 90%.热水系统控制的90 ； Air conditioning controls 80%.空调控制80 。

33、However according to European Commission as many as 90% of all existing buildings have inapplicable or ineffective controls, many of which require complete refurbishment of control systems.不过，根据欧洲委员会的记录多达90 的现有的建筑物已不适用或无效的管制，其中有许多需要完成的整修控制系统。 Moreover conventional control systems stop short of autom

34、ated Intelligent Buildings full capabilities.此外传统的控制系统停止短期自动化智能建筑的全部功能。 A significant human element is required for optimal effective operation even if control systems correctly specified and installed.一个重要的因素是人类所需的最优秀的有效运作，即使控制系统正确地指明和安装。 Given typical installations and equipment there is often a d

35、ifficulty for building occupants (residential) or managers (commercial) to operate them correctly.鉴于典型的装置和设备经常存在的问题，为建设占用于住宅或用于商业的使用情况操作是否正确Usage and correct operation are vital for effective results.和正确的运作是至关重要的有效的结果。 Education of users; improved systems-design user-friendliness, and the provision

36、of relevant instructions and information are all critical to enable theory to translate into practice, and for potential effectiveness and savings to be realised.教育用户，改善系统的设计方便用户，并提供有关指示和信息都是至关重要的，使理论转化为实践，并实现潜在的效益和节省。5.4实际利益 Energy-effective systems balance a buildings electric light, daylight and

37、mechanical systems for maximum benefit.能源的有效的制度，平衡建设的电灯，日光和机械系统以谋求最大利益。 Enhanced lighting design is more than an electrical layout.加强照明设计是一个多电器布局。 It must consider the needs and schedules of occupants, seasonal and climatic daylight changes, and its impact on the buildings mechanical systems.它必须考虑的实

38、际需要，季节和气候的日光变化，及其对建筑物的机械系统的影响。 6照明系统 Adding daylight to a building is one way to achieve an energy-effective design.加入日光到建设中去是一个方法，以达到能源效益的设计。 对于阳光对于阳光的有效利用 ，可以使人们更快乐，更健康，更具生产力And with the reduced need for electric light, a great deal of money can be saved on energy.并且减少需要的电灯，大量的金钱可以节省能源。 Nearly eve

39、ry commercial building is a potential energy saving project, where the electric lighting systems can be designed to be dimmed with the availability of daylight. Up to 75% of lighting energy consumption can be saved. In addition, by reducing electric lighting and minimizing solar heat gain, controlle

40、d lighting can also reduce a buildings air conditioning load.几乎每一个商业大厦是一个潜在的节能项目，如电力照明系统，可设计为暗灰色。 高达75 的照明能源消耗可节省。此外，通过减少电灯照明，并尽量减少太阳能热增益，控制的照明还可以减少建筑物的空调负荷。7机械系统 The HVAC system and controls, including the distribution system of air into the workspaces, are the mechanical parts of buildings that af

41、fect thermal comfort.暖通空调系统和控制措施，包括应用分配制度的空气进入工作区，是机械零件的建筑物，影响热舒适性。 These systems must work together to provide building comfort.这些系统必须共同努力，提供建筑的舒适度。 While not usually a part of the aesthetics of a building, they are critical to its operations and occupant satisfaction.而不是通常的一种的美学大厦，他们是至关重要的因素在于其业务和

42、乘员的满意度。 在办公室投诉，人数最多的是因为工作场所太热，Number two is that its too cold.人数第二的是办公室太冷。 Many people cope by adding fans, space heaters, covering up vents, complaining, conducting thermostat wars with their co-workers, or simply leaving the office.很多人应付加入的投诉，通常进行恒温战争是与他们的合作同事，或者干脆离开办公室。 智能家居Occupants can be drive

43、n to distraction trying to adjust the comfort in their space.住户可以驱车前往服务中心，调整舒适的空间。 Improper temperature, humidity, ventilation, and indoor air quality can also have significant impacts on productivity and health.不适当的温度，湿度，通风，室内空气品质也有重大影响的生产力和健康。 When we are thermally comfortable we work better, shop

44、 longer, relax, breathe easier, focus our attention better.当我们处于热舒适的空间，我们可以更好地开展工作，更长的时间的放松，呼吸更容易，我们的注意力集中也会更好。 In order to provide a comfortable and healthy indoor environment the building mechanical system must:为了提供一个舒适和健康的室内环境建设机械系统必须： Provide an acceptable level of temperature and humidity and s

45、afe guard against odours and indoor air pollutants.提供一个可接受的水平，温度和湿度和安全防范，气味和室内空气污染物。 Create a sense of habitability through air movement, ventilation and slight temperature variation.创造意识的可居住性，通过空气流动，通风和轻微的温度变化。 Allow the occupant to control and modify conditions to suit individual preferences.让乘员可以

46、控制和修改条件，以符合个人喜好。 8阻力大厦管理系统和智能建筑技术 Our buildings are already energy-efficient. “我们的楼宇已具能源效益的” 。 (Is the whole building energy-efficient, or is the landlord limiting his focus to common areas and gross leased spaces?) （是整个建筑的节能，或是业主，限制他的重点，以公用地方及毛额租用空间？） We prefer the equipment with the lowest first c

47、ost when fitting out tenant space. “我们宁愿设备与最低的成本时，首先装修租客空间” 。 (Does the specifier have any idea who will bear the increased operating costs of such a strategy?) （是否规范有任何的想法谁承担增加的经营成本，这样的策略呢？） We need a two-year simple payback or less. “我们需要一个为期两年的简单的回馈或更少” 。 (Is this still realistic, given that the

48、percentage return on money markets is literally one-tenth what it was 20 years ago?) （这仍然是现实，20年前鉴于该回报率对货币市场是其中的十分之一？） Tenants pay all energy costs, and will get all the savings. “住户支付所有的能源成本，并会得到所有的储蓄” 。 (Do tenants really pay all energy or just the energy over a pre-set base year or expense stop?)

49、 （请勿相信住户真的支付所有的能源，通常能源超过预先设定的基准年或直到停止？） Were selling the building. “我们正在出售的建设” 。 (Should we assume then that lowering the operating expenses and reaping the increased asset value are not important?) （我们是否应该承担，然后降低营运开支和收获增益资产价值并不重要？） 9智能建筑9.1building management systems for residential applications建设管理系统为住宅的申请 With the widespread adoption of digital technologies there will be a profound change in how we comm