关于社交网络服务的【外文翻译】.doc

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1、外文翻译Social Network ServiceMaterial Source: http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_marketing Author：wikipediaA social network service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people, e.g., who share interests and/or act

2、ivities. A social network service essentially consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web based and provide means for users to interact over the internet, such as e-mail and instant mess

3、aging. Although online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service. In a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities

4、, events, and interests within their individual networks.The main types of social networking services are those which contain category places (such as former school-year or classmates), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages) and a recommendation system linked to trust. P

5、opular methods now combine many of these, with Facebook and Twitter widely used worldwide; MySpace and LinkedIn being the most widely used in North America; Nexopia (mostly in Canada); Bebo, Hi5, Hyves (mostly in The Netherlands), StudiVZ (mostly in Germany), iWiW (mostly in Hungary), Tuenti (mostly

6、 in Spain), Nasza-Klasa (mostly in Poland), Decayenne, Tagged, XING, Badoo and Skyrock in parts of Europe; Orkut and Hi5 in South America, India and Central America; and Friendster, Mixi, Multiply, Orkut, Wretch, renren and Cyworld in Asia and the Pacific Islands and Twitter, Orkut and Facebook in I

7、ndia.There have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests (see the FOAF standard and the Open Source Initiative).Although some of the largest social networks were founded on the notion of digitizing real world connections, many networ

8、ks focus on categories from books and music to non-profit business to motherhood as ways to provide both services and community to individuals with shared interests.HistoryThe potential for computer networking to facilitate new forms of computer-mediated social interaction was suggested early on.Eff

9、orts to support social networks via computer-mediated communication were made in many early online services, including Usenet, ARPANET, LISTSERV, and bulletin board services (BBS). Many prototypical features of social networking sites were also present in online services such as America Online, Prod

10、igy, and CompuServe.Early social networking on the World Wide Web began in the form of generalized online communities such as T (1994), Geocities (1994) and T (1995). Many of these early communities focused on bringing people together to interact with each other through chat rooms, and encouraged us

11、ers to share personal information and ideas via personal webpages by providing easy-to-use publishing tools and free or inexpensive webspace. Some communities - such as C - took a different approach by simply having people link to each other via email addresses. In the late 1990s, user profiles beca

12、me a central feature of social networking sites, allowing users to compile lists of friends and search for other users with similar interests.New social networking methods were developed by the end of the 1990s, and many sites began to develop more advanced features for users to find and manage frie

13、nds. This newer generation of social networking sites began to flourish with the emergence of Friendster in 2002, and soon became part of the Internet mainstream. Friendster was followed by MySpace and LinkedIn a year later, and finally, Bebo. Attesting to the rapid increase in social networking sit

14、es popularity, by 2005, MySpace was reportedly getting more page views than Google. Facebook, launched in 2004, has since become the largest social networking site in the world.Today, it is estimated that there are now over 200 active sites using a wide variety of social networking models.Social imp

15、actsWeb based social network services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders. Through e-mail and instant messaging, online communities are created where a gift economy and reciprocal altruism are encouraged through coo

16、peration. Information is particularly suited to gift economy, as information is a nonrival good and can be gifted at practically no cost. Facebook and other social networking tools are increasingly the object of scholarly research. Scholars in many fields have begun to investigate the impact of soci

17、al networking sites, investigating how such sites may play into issues of identity, privacy, social capital, youth culture, and education Several websites are beginning to tap into the power of the social networking model for philanthropy. Such models provide a means for connecting otherwise fragmen

18、ted industries and small organizations without the resources to reach a broader audience with interested users. Social networks are providing a different way for individuals to communicate digitally. These communities of hypertexts allow for the sharing of information and ideas, an old concept place

19、d in a digital environment.Typical structureBasicsSocial networking sites tend to share some conventional features. Most often, individual users are encouraged to create profiles containing various information about themselves. Users can often upload pictures of themselves to their profiles, post bl

20、og entries for others to read, search for other users with similar interests, and compile and share lists of contacts. In addition, user profiles often have a section dedicated to comments from friends and other users. To protect user privacy, social networks usually have controls that allow users t

21、o choose who can view their profile, contact them, add them to their list of contacts, and so on.In recent years, it has also become common for a wide variety of organizations to create profiles to advertise products and services.Additional featuresSome social networks have additional features, such

22、 as the ability to create groups that share common interests or affiliations, upload or stream live videos, and hold discussions in forums. Geosocial networking co-opts internet mapping services to organize user participation around geographic features and their attributes.There is also a trend for

23、more interoperability between social networks led by technologies such as OpenID and OpenSocial.Lately, mobile social networking has become popular. In most mobile communities, mobile phone users can now create their own profiles, make friends, participate in chat rooms, create chat rooms, hold priv

24、ate conversations, share photos and videos, and share blogs by using their mobile phone. Mobile phone users are basically open to every option that someone sitting on the computer has. Some companies provide wireless services which allow their customers to build their own mobile community and brand

25、it, but one of the most popular wireless services for social networking in North America is Facebook Mobile.Emerging trends in social networksAs the increase in popularity of social networking is on a constant rise, new uses for the technology are constantly being observed.At the forefront of emergi

26、ng trends in social networking sites is the concept of real time and location based. Real time allows users to contribute content, which is then broadcasted as it is being uploaded - the concept is similar to live television broadcasts. Twitter set the trend for real time services, where users can b

27、roadcast to the world what they are doing, or what is on their minds within a 140 character limit. Facebook followed suit with their Live Feed where users activities are streamed as soon as it happens. While Twitter focuses on words, Clixtr, another real time service, focuses on group photo sharing

28、where users can update their photo streams with photos while at an event. Friends and nearby users can contribute their own photos and comments to that event stream, thus contributing to the real time aspect of broadcasting photos and comments as it is being uploaded. In the location based social ne

29、tworking space, Foursquare gained popularity as it allowed for users to check-in to places that they are frequenting at that moment. Gowalla is another such service which functions in much the same way that Foursquare does, leveraging the GPS in phones to create a location based user experience. Cli

30、xtr, though in the real time space, is also a location based social networking site since events created by users are automatically geotagged, and users can view events occurring nearby through the Clixtr iPhone app. Recently, Yelp announced its entrance into the location based social networking spa

31、ce through check-ins with their mobile app; whether or not this becomes detrimental to Foursquare or Gowalla is yet to be seen as it is still considered a new space in the internet technology industry. One popular use for this new technology is social networking between businesses. Companies have fo

32、und that social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are great ways to build their brand image. According to Jody Nimetz, author of Marketing Jive, there are five major uses for businesses and social media: to create brand awareness, as an online reputation management tool, for recruiting,

33、to learn about new technologies and competitors, and as a lead gen tool to intercept potential prospects. These companies are able to drive traffic to their own online sites while encouraging their consumers and clients to have discussions on how to improve or change products or services.One other u

34、se that is being discussed is the use of Social Networks in the Science communities. Julia Porter Liebeskind et al. have published a study on how New Biotechnology Firms are using social networking sites to share exchanges in scientific knowledge. They state in their study that by sharing informatio

35、n and knowledge with one another, they are able to increase both their learning and their flexibility in ways that would not be possible within a self-contained hierarchical organization. Social networking is allowing scientific groups to expand their knowledge base and share ideas, and without thes

36、e new means of communicating their theories might become isolated and irrelevant.Social networks are also being used by teachers and students as a communication tool. Because many students are already using a wide-range of social networking sites, teachers have begun to familiarize themselves with t

37、his trend and are now using it to their advantage. Teachers and professors are doing everything from creating chat-room forums and groups to extend classroom discussion to posting assignments, tests and quizzes, to assisting with homework outside of the classroom setting. Social networks are also be

38、ing used to foster teacher-parent communication. These sites make it possible and more convenient for parents to ask questions and voice concerns without having to meet face-to-face.Social networks are being used by activists as a means of low-cost grassroots organizing. Extensive use of an array of

39、 social networking sites enabled organizers of the 2009 National Equality March to mobilize an estimated 200,000 participants to march on Washington with a cost savings of up to 85% per participant over previous methods. The use of online social networks by libraries is also an increasingly prevalen

40、t and growing tool that is being used to communicate with more potential library users, as well as extending the services provided by individual libraries.A final rise in social network use is being driven by college students using the services to network with professionals for internship and job op

41、portunities. Many studies have been done on the effectiveness of networking online in a college setting, and one notable one is by Phipps Arabie and Yoram Wind published in Advances in Social Network Analysis. Social network hosting serviceA social network hosting service is a web hosting service th

42、at specifically hosts the user creation of web-based social networking services, alongside related applications. Such services are also known as vertical social networks due to the creation of SNSes which cater to specific user interests and niches; like larger, interest-agnostic SNSes, such niche n

43、etworking services may also possess the ability to create increasingly-niche groups of users.Business modelFew social networks currently charge money for membership. In part, this may be because social networking is a relatively new service, and the value of using them has not been firmly establishe

44、d in customers minds. Companies such as MySpace and Facebook sell online advertising on their site. Their business model is based upon large membership count, and charging for membership would be counterproductive. Some believe that the deeper information that the sites have on each user will allow

45、much better targeted advertising than any other site can currently provide. Social networks operate under an autonomous business model, in which a social networks members serve dual roles as both the suppliers and the consumers of content. This is in contrast to a traditional business model, where t

46、he suppliers and consumers are distinct agents. Revenue is typically gained in the autonomous business model via advertisements, but subscription-based revenue is possible when membership and content levels are sufficiently high. 译文社交网络服务资料来源：http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_marketing 作者：维基百科社交网

47、络服务是指在线的，以平台的形式存在的，并从一个站点跳转到另一个站点的方式，着重建立社交网站来反映人们之间与社会关系的一种服务形式，例如：分享兴趣或活动。社交网络服务基本上包括代表每个用户(通常是资料)、或他的社会联系和各种各样附加的服务。大多数社交网络服务是为使用者提供在互联网上互动的一种方法，例如电子邮件和即时消息。在线社区服务往往被看作是一种社交网络服务。广义上讲，社交网络服务通常是指以个人为中心的服务，而社区网络服务是指以群体为中心的服务。社交网站允许用户在他们的个体网络交流和分享思想、活动、事件和兴趣。社交网络服务的主要类型是那些含有范畴的地方(比如以前学校校友或同学)，是指与朋友联系

48、 (通常有自我介绍板块)和得到推荐和信任的系统。现在流行的许多方法都结合这些，Facebook和Twitter在全世界得到广泛的使用。My Space 和LinkedIn在北美地区得到广泛应用；Nexopia（主要是在加拿大）；Bebo、Hi5、,Hyves（大部分都在荷兰）、StudiVZ（大部分都在德国）、iWiW（主要是在匈牙利）、Tuenti（大部分都在西班牙）、Nasza-Klasa（主要是在波兰）、Decayenne、Tagged、XING、Badoo和Skyrock在欧洲的一些地方；Orkut和Hi5在南美洲、印度和中美洲；以及Friendster,Mixi、Multiply、O

49、rkut、Wretch、renren和Cyworld在亚洲与太平洋岛屿以及Twitter、Orkut和Facebook在印度。人们试图对这些服务进行规范来避免复制朋友的需要和兴趣 （见FOAF标准和开放源码制度）。虽然一些大型的社交网站都建立在一种数字化的真实世界的关系上，许多网站着重于通过书籍和音乐目录提供服务，社区则通过个人和共享利益来袒护非盈利业务。社交网络服务的历史为了促进社会交往，潜在的计算机网络是以计算机为媒介提出的新形式。早期的社会网站有许多的在线服务，包括Usenet、ARPANET、LISTSERV和（电子公告牌服务）BBS。许多社交网站的典型特征也出现在在线服务当中，如美国在线服务公司、Prodigy和CompuServe。万维网上早期的社交形式开始于广域网上的社区，如T（1994）、Geocities（1994）和T（1995）。早期许多的社区集中于互相召集朋友到聊天室聊天，鼓励用户通过个人网页