旅游英语论文.doc

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1、IIntroduction21.1 The Development of Chinese Tourism21.2 The Significance of Tourism English in China31.3 Tourism English Translation in China3II. Distinctive Features of Tourism English42.1 The Scope of Tourism English42.2 The Functions of Tourism English52.2.1 Informative52.2.2 Directive52.2.3 Evo

2、cative62.3 The Features of Tourism English6Identifying the features of the object studied is always necessary when we work on it. The distinctive features of tourism English distinguish it from the other varieties of English. From the lexical and grammatical points of view, the exterior features of

3、tourism English will be made clear, and from the points of view of courtesy, style and culture, the underlying ones will be exposed.62.3.1 Lexical Features62.3.2 Grammatical Features72.3.3 Courtesy Feature82.3.4 Culture Feature9III. Tourism English Translation103.1 The Theory of Functional Equivalen

4、ce103.2 Functional Equivalence in Tourism English Translation113.3 Contrastive Studies on Chinese and English for Tourism and Translation Strategies113.3.1 Contrastive Study on Discourse Structure and Translation Strategy123.3.2 Contrastive Study on Style and Translation Strategy123.3.3 Contrastive

5、Study on Culture and Translation Strategy13IV. Techniques Employed in Tourism English Translation134.1 Amplification134.2 Annotation144.3 Analogy154.4 Reduction and Adjustment174.5 Creative Translation18V. Conclusion19Notes20Bibliography21IIntroduction1.1 The Development of Chinese TourismTourism ha

6、s received an international reputation in the history of world economy. In China, tourism has been existed for almost 60 years since the foundation of the first travel agency in Nov.1949. Chinese tourism developed quickly after 1978 due to the states policy of reformation and opening. Through less t

7、han 30 years developing, tourism has formed its own structure and system, and becomes one of the fastest growing industries in China. China has become one of the most popular tourist destinations and one of the leading countries of world tourism industry.With the rapid development of national touris

8、m industry，great contribution has been made by it to Chinese economy. Tourism is one source of foreign exchange and an important way to provide employment. On 2010 February 25, national bureau of the Peoples Republic of China was announced 2009 national economic and social development, including sta

9、tistics bulletin of statistic data are as follows: In 2009, less than 1.9 billion people including 219.395 million people visit China. The number of travellers visit foreign countries has reached 47.66 million, rise by 4% than last year, Including 42.21million because of personal reason, rise by 5.2

10、%, the number of overseas reached 88.6%. In whole year, travelers reached 1.9 billion, rise by 11%, which earned 1018.4 billion Yuan, rise by 16.4%. inbond number reached 126.48 million ,decline 2.7%, including 21.94 million foreigners, declined 9.8%, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan compatriots are 104.

11、54 million, declined 1.1%. In whole tourism industries, foreign exchange income reached 39.7 billion USD. Declined by 4.1%. Those slowing growth reason due to the financial crisis, but, traverlers number and income are growth. In response, relevant industries, such as transportation, construction an

12、d other service businesses have developed to some extent.1.2 The Significance of Tourism English in ChinaNowadays, English becomes a global language and is used in almost all the international businesses. Tourism is in no exception. As a result, tourism English appears as a term in many researches a

13、nd course books with the meaning of English language which is used for tourism. Since China has been recognized as approved destination by many countries officially, more and more foreign tourists flow into China to make a visit, and tourism English becomes necessary and booming in China as a result

14、. From airport to hotel and restaurant, from travel agency to tourist spot, English in used whenever a foreign tourist is received. In most occasions, English is the only way in international tourism activities. We believe that Chinese tourism industry would not advance smoothly without the developm

15、ent of tourism English.1.3 Tourism English Translation in China “Translation exists because men speak different languages.”(George Steiner 1998) It is obvious that tourism English translation exists in China because we speak Chinese while foreigners are wanted to speak English when they travel in Ch

16、ina since English is largely accepted as a common device of communication by foreign tourists, its necessary and important to meet the need of communication between foreign tourists and Chinese who are employed in tourism industry as long as the international and Chinese who are worked in tourism in

17、dustry, the international tourism activities are involved in. But it is not always easy to do tourism English translation well because of the language differences between Chinese and English and the cultural gap underlying the different languages. As a result, the problems below may constantly appea

18、r in translating Chinese for tourism into English.The tourist material is translated literally without consideration of the differences histories, the different culture, Chinese people and westerners are various in the way of thinking and have difference aesthetic standards, which can be reflected b

19、y their languages. Overlooking the diversities between two languages, some tourist material is translated literally without any adjustment. It can be seen in the following Chinese and English describing of the tourist spot, Yuyuan(豫园) in China.全园共分三十余景，均有回廊曲径可通：亭台楼阁，假山池塘的布局，独具匠心，有“以小见大”的特色。1The whol

20、e garden is divided into some thirty different scenes, connected by twisting corridors and passages. The layout of the pavilions, terraces, towers, rockeries and ponds shows much originality in affording a wide view in a small confined space. Besides, the name of tourist spot with cultural content b

21、ehind it is translated into English by Pinyin according to its pronunciation without necessary explanation in many cases. As a rule, Pinyin is used to translate the name of tourist spot, but foreigners cannot understand it if there is no necessary annotation, which will confuse the foreign tourists

22、and result in the loss of Chinese culture as well. For instance, foreign tourists cannot understand Zhuozheng Garden(拙政园)clear without the suggestion of Humble Administrations Garden.In addition to the problems above, there are some other problems existing in tourism English translation, such as spe

23、lling mistakes which can be found now and then in tourist spots, and confusing use of metrology due to the different traditional systems of weights and measures between China and other countries.However, the problems are existing in tourism English translation that lead the study on tourism English

24、and translation are meaningful. As Peter Newmark said, “Translation theory is pointless and sterile if it does not arise from of translation practice, from the deeds to stand back and reflect”. 2II. Distinctive Features of Tourism English2.1 The Scope of Tourism EnglishTourism English is the English

25、 language used in tourism and is a particular variety of English in terms of linguistics. It appears with the development of tourism industry (especially international tourism), when people make a visit to some place and are need provided with all kinds of services during the tourism. Therefore, tou

26、rism English is widely used in transportation (including airplane, train and bus), hotel (including restaurant), tourist spot, and the forms of spoken and written.2.2 The Functions of Tourism EnglishAs a particular variety of English language, tourism English has its own language functions which are

27、 mainly informative, directive and evocative.2.2.1 Informative“Language serves an informative function when it is used to tell what the speaker believes, to give information about facts, or to reason things out.”(Hu Zhuangling) Tourists need to acquire all kinds of information when they start touris

28、m to new place. Such information includes: what kinds of information when they start tourism to a new place. Such information includes: what kind of place they will visit; what they will see or do in this place; what kind of entertainment they will enjoy in this place; where they will stay if needed

29、; how they will get to that place, by air, train or busThe information they need is provided accordingly by such organization as hotel, airport, bus or railway station, the tourist spot, the citys tourism bureau or simple the travel agency. These organizations from the tourism industry as whole, and

30、 tourism English is used by them to tell the tourists whatever the information they need before they start or go on a tourism. In this passage, the detailed information of the tourist destination, Wild World Amusement Park, e.g. the address, telephone number and facilities available, is provided to

31、tourists.2.2.2 DirectiveGenerally, tourism English is directed at helping the tourist arrange his or her tourism and make it effective. When they are informed the details of their tourism, they receive the directions or guidance from the tourism organizations. As an effective medium, English perform

32、s a directive function in the process. In most cases, guides make full use of this language function of tourism English.2.2.3 Evocative(1) “The evocative function is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.”(Hu Zhuangling)For the relevant organizations or operators of tourism, i

33、t is urgent to attract more people to visit the tourist destinations they provide or accept their services just as the manufacturers want to sell their products. Therefore, tourism English is used to evoke the tourists feeling of desire to come to visit that place or enjoy the services they provide,

34、 of course, with pay. (2)For tourists it is an essential port of call. Relaxing, fascinating and inspiring, the (London) Eye has become a definitive part of the London experience. What are you waiting for? Hop in and take in the capitals greatest landmarks and sweeping panoramas safely ensconced in

35、a perfectly designed pod2.3 The Features of Tourism EnglishIdentifying the features of the object studied is always necessary when we work on it. The distinctive features of tourism English distinguish it from the other varieties of English. From the lexical and grammatical points of view, the exter

36、ior features of tourism English will be made clear, and from the points of view of courtesy, style and culture, the underlying ones will be exposed.2.3.1 Lexical Features“Lexicon, in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.”(Hu Zhuangling) Like other varieties of English, such as legal

37、 English or journalism English, tourism English has its own lexical features besides the very general use of English vocabulary (or common core).Lexemes consist of words and idioms.”(Nida 1991) There are large numbers of English words or idioms which are specially used in tourism. They are called te

38、rms of tourism English. For example, “bed-board house”(the hotel providing a continental breakfast of coffee as well as sleeping accommodation to the guests), or “off season”(a time of the year when most of tourists do not take vacations or holidays)may appear now and then during ones tourism.Proper

39、 names can be seen almost everywhere in tourism and constitute a large part of tourism English vocabulary. Proper names in tourism range from the name of the destination of ones tourism, such as a country, a city, or a tourist spot, to the name of a hotel, a restaurant, or even a railway station, et

40、c., which are involved in tourism. There proper names are usually unchangeable and are accepted by people with fix pronunciations and spellings sometimes even when they are translated from other languages.Like English itself, tourism English in its development has managed to widen its vocabulary by

41、borrowing words or idioms from other languages. Due to the booming of international tourism, the communication between English and other languages becomes more frequent and, many words or idioms from other languages which are remote from English step into English vocabulary and become English expres

42、sions, such as, “Yangtze”(扬子江), “cheongsam”(旗袍)from Chinese, and “kimono”(和服)from Japanese.2.3.2 Grammatical FeaturesAs a particular variety of English, tourism English has its own distinctive features in grammar.During the tourism, tourists always need to communicate with those who provide all kind

43、s of necessary information or services, such as the flight attendants, bellhop, waiters, or guides. The communication between the tourists and these persons happens orally in many occasions, and in order to make the communication clear and effective, simple sentence structure instead of complex one

44、is often adopted. This can be well proved by the following conversation happened between a tourist and a waitress in a restaurant.Waitress: Can I get you anything to drink?Tourist: Yes. Id like some coffee, please.As mentioned above, one of the language functions of tourism English is to deliver inf

45、ormation. Since the information delivered is mostly told as the fact or fact or truth, present tense is often used in tourism English. Sometimes, past tense is also adopted to explain the cultural background information, usually some historical stories or events happened in the tourist spot. In tour

46、ism English, imperative sentences are often used to make direction and order sometimes, or express the speakers feelings or wishes. For instance,Your passport, please?Welcome to china.These imperative sentences are usually used by custom officers, flight attendants, clerks in hotel or tourism guides

47、 who take charge of providing services and operating the details of the tourism for tourists.What is noticeable in such imperative sentences is the use of the word “please”, which shows the respect and politeness to the tourists from the employees in tourism industry.2.3.3 Courtesy FeatureIt is acce

48、pted that people should be polite when they are engaged in communication. This is rather true in tourism industry because setting up a good relationship between tourists and tourists organizations is great importance for a successful tourism business. It is always preferable that everyone involved i

49、n the tourism, either tourists or clerks in airplane, hotel, restaurant and tourist spot, looks polite and shows their courtesy to the others, which would be delightful for both sides and helpful for the whole tourism.Generally, there are three ways to express courtesy in tourism English. The first one is to use the word “please” to show the speakers respect and politeness towa