地质灾害防治理论与技术研究.pdf

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1、地质灾害防治地质灾害防治 理论与技术研究理论与技术研究 我国地质灾害易发区达我国地质灾害易发区达600600多万多万kmkm2 2，约占国土面积的，约占国土面积的2/32/3。汶川草坡滑坡汶川草坡滑坡 (2013(2013-0707-22)22)绵竹文家沟泥石流绵竹文家沟泥石流(2011.9.18)地震滑坡地震滑坡碎屑流机理碎屑流机理 基于机理的地质灾害早期识别基于机理的地质灾害早期识别 滑坡防治技术滑坡防治技术 灾后重建泥石流防治问题灾后重建泥石流防治问题 结语结语 Area density of landslides due to earthquake Landslides occurre

2、d along the active faults area density convex Throwing-crashing-smashing 阶型滑坡阶型滑坡 抛掷抛掷-碰撞碰撞-粉碎化粉碎化 Throwing-crashing-smashing Stair-case 阶梯阶梯 阶型滑坡阶型滑坡 Throwing-crashing-smashing 滑坡要素示意图滑坡要素示意图 THE FIVE-FLOOR HOUSE WAS CRUSHED OVERLAYED Destroyed school building shows“typical axis pressure test”水平错动水

3、平错动0.5m 2nd storey was gone away Horizontal Moving was 0.5m Long run-out landslide Staircase-shaped sliding plane Platform Wide platform for landslide shown the earthquake throwing effect 150m Crashing zone Platform 1300elev.(m)14001200100080060040020011009007005000dist(m)original slopebedrockdamvil

4、lagewheat landriverroadcrashing zone2nd slidingfirst slidingsliding&throwingair wave&surgingshoveling&damming Concept section of earthquake landslide case-study from Taihong,Beichuan 汶川地震滑坡的概化模型汶川地震滑坡的概化模型（北川太洪村滑坡实例）（北川太洪村滑坡实例）50006007008009001000100200300400500600高程(）距离(）(1)初始斜坡1.Primary slope 距离(）

5、60050040030020010010009008007006000500高程(）(2)地震抛掷fh=ahWfv=(av-g)Wf2.Shoot 50006007008009001000100200300400500600高程(）距离(）(3)撞击崩裂撞击区fv=Wgfh=ahWf3.crash Crashing zone 4.Debris flow Secondary sliding after crash 50006007008009001000100200300400500600高程(）距离(）900800700原地面线滑面滑坡堆积体滑坡残体撞击点二次滑坡1.Beginning Eye

6、witness was describing the sliding sense who experienced the shock.亲历现场的老乡描述滑坡情景亲历现场的老乡描述滑坡情景 Eyewitness 2.Shaking 3.Jumping up 4.Down&crash 5.Falling&flowing Ground motion record stations in/adjacent Wenchuan zone 33 stations selected Legends Station Epicenter fault(据哈工所，据哈工所，2008.7)水平水平H:EW a=0.56

7、1g 垂直垂直V:a=0.646g 水平水平H:NS a=0.598g Ground motion record(10km to main fault)地震加速度纪录地震加速度纪录(距发震断裂距发震断裂10km)10km)Main Motion Lasting Time=20 加速度随断层距离衰减曲线加速度随断层距离衰减曲线 (据于海英，据于海英，2009)2009)Wenchuan Ms8.0Wenchuan Ms8.0 Relationship between acceleration&distance(log.curve)Distance to fault(km)Acceleration

8、 centralized zone for landslides 汶川汶川8.0级地震加速度之比随断层距离的衰减曲线级地震加速度之比随断层距离的衰减曲线 0.000.200.400.600.801.001.200102030405060708090 100 110断层距（km）地震动垂向与水平向比值V/NSV/HV/EWRatio curve of Vertical to horizontal pga with distance(Wenchuan Earthquake)V/H Distance 竖向与水平地震峰值地面加速度之比值竖向与水平地震峰值地面加速度之比值 Vertical to hor

9、izontal pga ratio(Elnashai,1997)Ms=8.0 汶川地震滑坡分布特征汶川地震滑坡分布特征 大光包巨型滑坡大光包巨型滑坡 滑坡的地震动响应滑坡的地震动响应 远程滑动的边界层效应远程滑动的边界层效应 Largest Rockslide The Daguangbao Rockslide Daguangbao Rockslide Largest one Volume:1.2b m3 Mine lamp indicates 2.3 km to run Section Map of the Rockslide 黄洞子沟大光包猪草崖01200140016001800200022

10、0024002600280030003200400800120016002000240030003400380042004600高程(m)距离(m)原地面折返体滑坡堆积滑床2250m 1400m 1980m 580m,max thickness multi-step cliffs Two sub units of deformation&failure divided by middle crushed belt.Upper rockfall unit Lower layered rockslide unit Middle crushed belt Concept Model for Simu

11、lation Shear Strain Increment&Displacement simulated by FLAC3D Accumulation zoning by RS 3D image-Lower rockslide -Upper rockfall-Talus&cliff-Sliding plane sliding direction to true dip 汶川地震滑坡分布特征汶川地震滑坡分布特征 大光包巨型滑坡大光包巨型滑坡 滑坡的地震动响应滑坡的地震动响应 远程滑动的边界层效应远程滑动的边界层效应 1 2 BEICHUAN COUNTY Shale&sandstone Lime

12、stone Half of old town was buried by landslide West town Landslide 1600 fatality No.1 No.2 West town Landslides Spring.2007(before quake)Beautiful town before sliding Covering zone Air blasting zone(Photo in 2007.9)Over 50 six-storey buildings No.1 Ruined building stands alone 0.5m No.1 FOS by Stren

13、gth Reduction:=1.14 stable (before)=0.74 sliding(during)Shear Strain Increment Result by FLAC3D No.1 Vector Displacement Contour by FLAC3D No.1 FOS vs Time Under the Ground Motion Failure Stable No.2 No.1 A Row of Piles No.2 No.1 Piles were installed in 2006 Before earthquake FOS by Strength Reducti

14、on:=1.24 without pile =1.38 with piles Shear Strain Increment Result by FLAC3D Landslide is stable before earthquake No.2 Before Earthquake Simulated Displacement Result by FLAC3D A row of piles Landslide is unstable,but no sliding during earthquake FOS by Strength Reduction:=0.90 with piles 3#1#No.

15、2 Monitoring Point During Earthquake Landslide was sliding during earthquake FOS by Strength Reduction:=0.74 without pile 3#1#Simulated Displacement Result by FLAC3D no pile During Earthquake No.2 Comparison of FOS btw with piles and none Failure Stable FOS vs.acceleration with piles and none 0.07g

16、0.28g 青川县主城区的西南侧，山脊向SSW凸出的弧形，顶部高程约998.5m，北侧青川县城II级河谷阶地的高程约780m，相对高度约118m；总体坡度30 45。斜坡地震动效应监测斜坡地震动效应监测 斜坡监测剖面对汶川震后100次余震进行了较完整记录，其中:1.最大地震Ms5.5，最小震级ML2.2；2.震源深度最大24km，最小5km；3.最大震中距约173km，最小震中距约为2.8km。斜坡典型余震震源参数斜坡典型余震震源参数 垂直向时程波形图垂直向时程波形图 南北向时程波形图南北向时程波形图 比例1：1000Q4el+dlel+dl4Q图 例粉质粘土 千枚岩(785m)测点1(875

17、m)乔庄河-350m县城0m公路200m25m高程（m）N181852E宝莲寺宝莲寺150m50m测点3测点2机耕道885875865845835825815100m855(805m)800790千枚岩千枚岩2009-05-18青川青川ML2.9级余震级余震 PGA合成向随高程放大系数5.801.4717808108408709000.002.004.006.008.0010.00放大系数高程（m）水平合成向三分量合成向合成向合成向PGA随高程放大系数随高程放大系数 绵绵竹斜坡地震动监测竹斜坡地震动监测剖面图剖面图(王运生王运生,2013)绵竹斜坡峰值加速度沿高程的放大系数绵竹斜坡峰值加速度沿

18、高程的放大系数 Acceleration Normally,the horizontal acceleration are applied Acceleration Lots of cases shows the vertical acceleration is very important,esp.,in epicenter zone 水利水电工程边坡设计规范水利水电工程边坡设计规范(SL 386-2007)Severe earthquakes():0.1 Violent destructive():0.25 Catastrophic():0.5 地震加速度分布系数地震加速度分布系数a ai

19、 i取值表取值表 GeoStudio 2007:Pseudostatic analysisPseudostatic analysis 序号 规范名称 设计安全系数 地震惯性力 说明 备注 水平()竖向()1 水工建筑物抗震设计规范(SDJ10-78)1051.10/1223考虑水平、竖向地震惯性力(地震系数)；考虑折减系数=0.25；=12.5。坝。2 铁路工程抗震设计规范(GB50111-2006)1051.20 /0 考虑水平地震惯性力(地震系数)不考虑竖向地震惯性力；考虑折减系数=0.25；无加速度分布系数 汶川地震滑坡分布特征汶川地震滑坡分布特征 大光包巨型滑坡大光包巨型滑坡 滑坡的地

20、震动响应滑坡的地震动响应 远程滑动的边界层效应远程滑动的边界层效应 rockslide jump debris flow surge 体积体积1.31.3亿亿m m3 3，滑程，滑程3.6km3.6km 130 Million M130 Million M3 3,3.6km run,3.6km run-outout RS Image showing RockslideSturzstorm in Wenjiagou Steep cliff rockslide jump debris flow surge 130 Million m3,3.6km run-out 2400m elevation 8

21、90m elevation 1500m difference Elm Sturzstrom(by Heim,1882)ACT1-Fall ACT2-Jump ACT3-Surge Fall-Fluidization空气层润滑空气层润滑 Slide-Liquefaction有效应力有效应力 Entainment-Erosion动力冲剪动力冲剪 气垫效应气垫效应液化效应液化效应铲刮效应铲刮效应 滑前滑前 How to estimate the run-out distance&determine risk zoning of landslide safely?如何估计高速远程滑坡的滑动距离和划定危

22、险区？如何估计高速远程滑坡的滑动距离和划定危险区？东河口东河口(震前震前)Before earthquake Landslide Dam 1525m high，24 million m3 in volume,consists of soil and rock.Lake has 10 million m3 in volume.Rockslide-debris at the Donghekou,Qingchuan after earthquake 7 villages disappear 350 deaths Generally,equivalent friction angle is about

23、 3040for small/middle landslides.3040(Adrian E.Scheidegger,1973)RISK ZONE H L Fall-Fluidization空气层润滑空气层润滑 Pb=pt+ags Pb气垫层中的压力；气垫层中的压力；pt碎屑流体上部大气压力；碎屑流体上部大气压力；g重力加速度；重力加速度；s碎屑流体厚度碎屑流体厚度;a算术平均容积密度。算术平均容积密度。“气垫效应”气垫效应”：峡谷区的滑坡属于山体崩塌类型，无明显：峡谷区的滑坡属于山体崩塌类型，无明显滑带且滑体呈紊流状的碎屑流特征滑带且滑体呈紊流状的碎屑流特征(Sturzstrom)60007

24、008009001000110012001300140020040060080010001200140016001800200022002400高速滑动碎屑流和刨蚀碎屑流及滑覆堆积高程(m)距离(m)原地面滑床清水河红花地村滑坡坝后院里村杨家坪村 equivalent friction angle=16.26 Section map of the Doonghekou landslide 等效摩擦角为等效摩擦角为16.2616.26 Hsu(1975)used excessive travel distance as a measure of the mobility of sturztrom

25、s.32tanHLLe For the large scale landslide,esp.,flowing landslide,the distance is longer.xyv0vvyvxyhH滑坡体原位飞行中的滑坡体oThe aerodynamics could be applied to long run-out of landslide at the gorge zone Exiting Sliding with air cushion effect 大型高速滑坡与飞机受力情况对比大型高速滑坡与飞机受力情况对比 Loading comparison of rapid landsli

26、de with airplane(Co-researcher:Dr.Xing A.G.)Weight Resist Uplift Pull Weight Resist Uplift Sliding Normal press Wind tunnel for aerodynamic simulation Wind tunnel testing for rockslide with air cushion(no valley angle)Air flow Long run-out sliding mass=0=45=60=75=90=0=30=60 Various valley shapes&slo

27、pe angle are modeled.Valley Shape(angle/)Lifting coefficient 0 30 60 Steeper valley has more obvious air cushion effect.Lifting coefficient vs.valley slope angle excessive travel distance vs.velocity under different valley slope angle 35040045050055060065070075080080085090095010001050110011501200高程/

28、m水平距离/m 沟谷地面 考虑气垫效应 不计气垫效应distance elevation Air-Cushion?yes no Air-cushion effect make a longer run-out.Distance vs.height for Donghekou Rockslide Le 1.Under aerodynamic effect,run-out distance will increase about 1/3.2.the greater of start uplift angle,the further of the run-out.Wind Tunnel Testin

29、g Results Le L/3 滑坡铲刮作用概化模型 Hungr：铲刮率 当铲刮率为大于当铲刮率为大于0.25（有饱和的被铲刮层的情况（有饱和的被铲刮层的情况下），裹挟（下），裹挟（entainment）侵蚀作用较明显，既当接触）侵蚀作用较明显，既当接触底面为崩坡积、残坡积、冲淤积等较软弱面时，较为明底面为崩坡积、残坡积、冲淤积等较软弱面时，较为明显。显。FF=0.25 上部上部堆积边坡失稳滑动堆积边坡失稳滑动，2.52.5万方万方冲击冲击加载于沟谷富加载于沟谷富水松散土体上，发生长约水松散土体上，发生长约1800m1800m的高速远程流动状的高速远程流动状滑坡滑坡(60(60万方万方)，致

30、使沟边采矿工棚被毁，致使沟边采矿工棚被毁，2828人死亡失踪。人死亡失踪。滑坡名称滑坡名称 滑体体积滑体体积（万方）（万方）总体积总体积（万方）（万方）体积增量体积增量（万方）（万方）铲刮体积铲刮体积（万方）（万方）铲刮率铲刮率 昭通头寨 1600 2300 700 300 0.15 贵州关岭 115 175 60 31.25 0.23 鸡尾山 500 700 200 75 0.12 北川城西 200 480 280 230 0.92 青川东河口 500 1000 500 375 0.6 Fidaz（Colluvium）10 40 30 27.5 2.2 Huascar n（Residual）

31、300 1300 1000 925 2.8 高速滑坡铲刮统计表高速滑坡铲刮统计表 SlideSlide-LiquefactionLiquefaction有效应力有效应力 sdsRGMV0)(22高速滑坡动能来自于剩余下滑力沿滑径所作功高速滑坡动能来自于剩余下滑力沿滑径所作功 高速滑坡主要是由于滑带瞬时强度损失的结果高速滑坡主要是由于滑带瞬时强度损失的结果 在研究中，基本上将滑体的重力在研究中，基本上将滑体的重力(G)作为物理定值，作为物理定值，下滑力仅随滑床坡度变化，因此，大都聚焦了滑下滑力仅随滑床坡度变化，因此，大都聚焦了滑带参数的研究带参数的研究(R)*A A *B*B *C C *D 4

32、50人被埋人被埋*A A *B*B *C C *D Sliding clay shows long run out Destruction and re-arrange of Sliding clay grain DPRI-7环剪试验机（日本京都大学）环剪试验机（日本京都大学）局部滑动液化机制局部滑动液化机制 三轴环剪试验结果三轴环剪试验结果 Occurrence of Earthquake Landslides Complex Mega-Rockslide Vibration Response to Landslide Run-out with Boundary Layer Effect 地

33、震滑坡地震滑坡碎屑流碎屑流 基于机理的地质灾害早期识别基于机理的地质灾害早期识别 滑坡防治技术滑坡防治技术 灾后重建泥石流防治问题灾后重建泥石流防治问题 结语结语 6 6月月5 5日，重庆武隆鸡尾山山体发生大型山体滑坡日，重庆武隆鸡尾山山体发生大型山体滑坡 A massive rockslide disaster(June 5 of 2009)In Jiweishan Mt.,Wulong,Chongqing 74 killed 7 Mil m3 in volume 19941994年以来，圈定了年以来，圈定了2020万立方米的危岩体，判断可能向东万立方米的危岩体，判断可能向东侧向崩塌，水平位

34、移侧向崩塌，水平位移100100米，垂直位移米，垂直位移120120米。米。The potential geohzd was firstly recognized in 1994 Rockfall Rockfall 200 thousand m200 thousand m Expectant Real(15yrs late)当地政府据此采取了避险搬迁措施，于当地政府据此采取了避险搬迁措施，于20052005年前陆续年前陆续避让搬迁了处于危岩体东侧崩塌危险区范围内的避让搬迁了处于危岩体东侧崩塌危险区范围内的300300余人。余人。Former village had been relocated

35、 by 2005.300 people avoiding from disaster Nearby rockfall 崩滑数天前，局部岩块崩落，当地政府迅即行动崩滑数天前，局部岩块崩落，当地政府迅即行动 two days before,emergency preparedness was implemented Village head Monitoring/warning persons Cut the traffic road 果断采取了挖断公路、设立警戒线、阻止客车和路人果断采取了挖断公路、设立警戒线、阻止客车和路人通过等措施，有效避免了所划定危险区内的人员重大伤通过等措施，有效避免了所

36、划定危险区内的人员重大伤亡。亡。但是，对危岩体北端但是，对危岩体北端山体发生大规模向北方山体发生大规模向北方向的高速远程滑动事先向的高速远程滑动事先很难预料。很难预料。But,nobody knew that rockmass would slide to north,not fall to east.Fall,or not?Dangerous Expect Actual E N Former village site(relocated br sliding)Risk zone Mining Adit rockslide Fragment-flow Expectant Actual resu

37、lt Failure mode Rockfall Rockslide Run-out 100 m 1500 m Sliding Direction East North Volume 200103 m 7106 m Comparison of actual with expectant of geohazard of Jiweishan rockslide Conventional Model for Oblique Inclined Bedding Slope Apparent sliding of layered rockmass is typified by the Jiweishan

38、rockslide on June 5 of 2009.720m long Bird view of 3D RS image shows a apparent layer sliding of the Jiweishan rockslide,Chongqing 720m long(June 5,2009)Volume:7 mil m3;Run-out:2150m;Width:470m.Actually,rockslide-fragment flow 堆积体最大厚堆积体最大厚60m60m Over 2100m long 块石最大体积达块石最大体积达1.51.5万立方米，重达万立方米，重达4.24

39、.2万吨万吨 15m 15m Huge rock:10 thousand m Concept Structure of the Sliding Rockmass 两面临空，真倾角方向被稳定山体阻挡两面临空，真倾角方向被稳定山体阻挡 N15W 2035 Stable Rockmass barricaded the sliding mass along the dip direction Stable rockmass N15W 2035 软弱夹层软弱夹层 Peak shear strength is high for the fresh soft layer 碳质页岩软层被强烈挤压错动 20cm

40、 Residual shear strength is low due-to long-term creep 10cm 碳质页岩软层挤压错动形成片里 Carbonate Shell was crushed into Schistose 后缘滑体下滑力不断增加后缘滑体下滑力不断增加 Driving Force was increasing due to creeping&the key block was crushed for a long-term T0T0缝缝 T1T1缝缝 软弱层软弱层 Falls 5hrs before sliding “关键块体”压裂关键块体”压裂 Crushed c

41、racks of key block“关键块体”压裂关键块体”压裂 Zoom of crack T0T0缝缝 T1T1缝缝 溶蚀带溶蚀带 软弱层软弱层 N1020E 1525 N15W 2035 “关键块体”失稳关键块体”失稳 前缘关键块体首先失稳崩塌，其后的崩滑岩体沿软弱前缘关键块体首先失稳崩塌，其后的崩滑岩体沿软弱面产生连锁式的破坏解体，发生大规模崩滑。面产生连锁式的破坏解体，发生大规模崩滑。Key block was firstly fall,then successively slide of the driving block 岩溶发育带上大量脆性剪断岩溶发育带上大量脆性剪断的残壁显

42、示关键块体强度瞬的残壁显示关键块体强度瞬时丧失导致高速滑动特征时丧失导致高速滑动特征 Brittle shear failure 沿西侧裂缝沿西侧裂缝,出现大量近于水平的擦痕出现大量近于水平的擦痕 Horizontal scrapes on the T1 fracture 长期蠕变状态长期蠕变状态剪切应变增量剪切应变增量 Resisting key block Max:100105 Brittle shearing Driving Mass 具有后部岩体顺层驱动，导致前缘岩体脆性剪断特征具有后部岩体顺层驱动，导致前缘岩体脆性剪断特征 FLAC3D shows the shear strain

43、increment(SSI)Back driving mass Front resisting mass Displacement of the back driving mass is 3.5m,and the front resist mass is only 0.35m.Ten times difference 武隆鸡尾山滑坡武隆鸡尾山滑坡FLACFLAC模拟位移结果模拟位移结果 10 times10 times Time steps(*104)Displacement(m)Early Recognition with InSAR 10/626/7 26/710/9 26/1011/12

44、 10/926/10 Time series lnterferogram maps with 46 days-intermit in 2007(before sliding)累计形变图累计形变图（184天间隔）天间隔）lnterferogram map with 184-days intermit in 2007 Early Recognition with InSAR One and half year One and half year before sliding before sliding Centrifuge Test 山体视向滑动土工离心模型试验山体视向滑动土工离心模型试验 CL

45、 C CC C g 800 1.62 1296/n 1 n Actual Model Dimension 实际模型尺寸实际模型尺寸 模型试验相似比模型试验相似比 Rockslide model for Centrifuge Test 山体视向滑动土山体视向滑动土工离心机试验模型工离心机试验模型 resisting key block driving block bedrock B1 B2 B3 Key block is failed at first.离心模型试验显示前缘关键块体首先失稳离心模型试验显示前缘关键块体首先失稳 B1 B2 B3 B1 B2 B3 voltage accelerat

46、ion 加速度达到加速度达到14g时时，B2和和B3，B1点电压相继骤降点电压相继骤降。表表明关键块体不能抵抗下滑力明关键块体不能抵抗下滑力，使山体脆性破坏使山体脆性破坏。Testing curve shows:the key resisting block B1 is destroyed due to driving block B3&B2 pushing 层状块裂结构层状块裂结构 山体倾向阻挡山体倾向阻挡 临空视向剪出临空视向剪出 驱动块体下滑驱动块体下滑 关键块体阻滑关键块体阻滑 模式识别特征模式识别特征 Model of apparent dip slide Model of appa

47、rent dip slide Five principal characters to recognize apparent dip slide:1)Bedding block-broken.similar to“toy bricks”;2)Incline rockmass barrier.3)Apparent dip exiting.4)Driving-rockmass sliding.5)Key-block Lock&Failure.失去失去“关键块体关键块体”支撑的整个山体沿软弱层面支撑的整个山体沿软弱层面 产生连锁式的滑动破坏，并迅速解体产生连锁式的滑动破坏，并迅速解体 rocksli

48、de Fragment-flow Rapid long run-out rockslide-fragment flow(2,250m long)Similar sliding pattern has been early recognized at Yangjiao town（武隆县羊角场镇）（武隆县羊角场镇）乌江流域乌江流域“鸡尾山型鸡尾山型”滑坡危及滑坡危及70007000多人多人 Apparent rockslide Huge rock Three Gorges is geohzd-proned in China The landslides are frequent and damme

49、d the Yangtze River.Lianziya Unstable Rockmass Anchoring for Key resist block Steel Concrete filled 3D Model Shows a Comprehensive Stabilization Surface water drainage 链子崖危岩体及防治工程链子崖危岩体及防治工程 Steel Concrete Filling Anchoring Drainage Section of Rockmass Stabilization A 15-years-long monitoring result

50、 shows the Successful Stability(19952010)135m 156m 175m Three periods of water level rising yr/month Displacement(mm)Occurrence of Earthquake Landslides Complex Mega-Rockslide Vibration Response to Landslide Run-out with Boundary Layer Effect 地震滑坡地震滑坡碎屑流碎屑流 基于机理的地质灾害早期识别基于机理的地质灾害早期识别 滑坡防治技术滑坡防治技术 灾后