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1、 家具设计外文翻译参考文献 Scandinavian Furniture DesignScandinavian design is 30 years in the 20th century Having achieved great success, and acquired an international reputation for design. The style is concerned, the Scandinavian design is the function of doctrine, but not as stringent as the 20th century, 30

2、 years and doctrines.as stringent as the 20th century, 30 years and doctrines. Geometric form of soften, and edges are fairing into S-shaped curve or wavy lines, often described as organic form, so that the form of more humane and angry. Before the war with Bauhaus functionalism as the center 40 yea

3、rs in the 20th century, under the difficult conditions of material deprivation is widely accepted, but by the mid-20th century, 40, functionalism has been gradually includes a number of practical and style changes. These changes left the Bauhaus pure geometric forms and works the language of aesthet

4、ics, most notably the Scandinavian design. As early as 1930, the Stockholm Fair, Germany, Scandinavian design will be a strict functionalism and local arts and crafts in the humanist tradition of integrating their together. In the 1939 New York International Exposition, but also established the Swed

5、ish Modern style, as the concept of an international status. After the 20th century, 40 years after a difficult period, Scandinavian design in the 20th century, 50 years produced a new leap forward. Its simple and organic shape and natural color and texture very popular in the international arena. M

6、ilan Triennial in 1954, the international design exhibition, Scandinavian design show a new look, the participation of Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway have achieved great success. The design of these countries after the war, the organization implemented a policy of cooperation, their first major

7、 achievement was called Scandinavian Design exhibition. Arts Foundation in the United States under the sponsorship of this exhibition from 1954-1957 in North America in 22 years, the citys main museums around the world, thus making Scandinavian design the image of the widely popular in the internati

8、onal community. Function of the Scandinavian modern design movement, the countries in the design organization at the national or local level, held a large number of exhibitions, the 20th century, these activities have become a key feature of the 50s. Scandinavian design of the Year, held alternately

9、 in various countries, affecting a wide range, which, together with the publications and periodicals for the design of the exchanges made a significant contribution. Design organizations not only exhibitions, they are also an important advocate in this area designed to encourage manufacturers to inv

10、est in a creative product development, to persuade the authorities to design policies to support its excellent design. They also inspire public awareness of good design and everyday use more beautiful thing, and this 50 to 60 for the 20th century, the early design development played an important rol

11、e. In addition to designing the organization efforts, dominated the 20th century, 50 years of social and economic life of the development of the power of design has a more profound impact, with the process of industrialization and urbanization, the whole population structure has changed. Continuousl

12、y improve the standard of living affected the majority of the people and their way of life, resulting in widespread optimism and confidence for the development and progress. New ideas begin to gain traction, such as that the ordinary people have the right to enjoy the comfort of home, the family is

13、not only healthy, but also meets the functional and aesthetic requirements. In the 20th century, 50s, the ultimate welfare state built up in Scandinavia. The 20th century, 40 years in order to reflect the ethnic characteristics arising from a sense of nostalgia, often showing the pristine countrysid

14、e, contributed to this softening trend. Early functionalism advocated by the primary color for the 20th century, 40 years to reconcile the color gradually replaced by a more coarse texture and natural materials by their favorite designers. After 1945, another retro trend - the Danish tradition of ex

15、cellent craftsmanship in Sweden and Norway have also been strengthened. The 20th century, 50 years, a group of pre-war designers, such as the prestigious Henningsen, Klandt, mam Marsden, Aalto, etc. are still walking in the forefront of the design. For example, Henningsen, designed after the war, a

16、number of new PH lamps, in particular, he designed a PH-5, and PH Artichoke pendant lamp has achieved great success and has sold briskly. The other hand, young designers have also come to the fore, thus promoted the Scandinavian design of further development. Scandinavian design of the human touch i

17、s also reflected in the design of industrial equipment, in this respect Swedish industrial designer made a lot of work. From 1965 onwards, from Sweden, consisting of six designers design team involved in Solna, the companys offset printing production line development and design work, they operate on

18、 the production line process carried out a detailed ergonomic analysis and redesign the signs, symbols, instructions and manipulating the handle, so that working conditions have been greatly improved.Danishfurnituredesignhasatraditiondatingbackalmost450years .In1554,anumberofcabinetmakersfoundedKoeb

19、enhavnsSnedkerlaug(TheCopenhagenGuildofCabinetmakers)withthedualpurposeofcreatinghigh-qualityfurnitureandofprotectingthetradefrompoorcraftsmenbyestablishingformaltrainingforcabin-makers. Twohundredyearslater,in1777,DetKongeligeMeobleMagazine(TheRoyalFurnitureMagazine)wasestablishedwiththeaimofmanufa

20、cturinguniform,high-qualityfurnitureintermsofproductionanddesignfortheDanishRoyalHouseholdanditsvariousdepartmentsandministries,etc.Thefurniturewasdesignedalmostalongthelinesofcataloguegoodsbythemostrenowneddesignersoftheperiod,andtheirdrawingswereforwardedtomastercabinetmakersalloverthecountry,whot

21、henmanufacturedthem. Afterabriefperiodofonly40years,thepracticecametoanendin1815.Theimportantthingisthattheabove-mentionedeventswereextremelyvisionaryasregardsqualityanddesign,andthattheywentontoformasolidfoundationforlaterdevelopment.Furthermore,DetKongeligeDanskeKunstakademi(TheRoyalDanishAcademyo

22、fArt)inCopenhagen,establishedaschooloffurnituredesignin1770,whosepurposewastheeducationoffurnitureapprenticestodrawandinspectmasterpieceswhatamountedtotheworldsfirstsystematiceducationoffurnituredesigner.Throughoutthe19thcentury,indeeduntilthebeginningofthe1920s,thereisanabsenceofanindependentDanish

23、style.ThearchitectsofthetimeareinspiredbyFrench,andparticularly,Englishfurnitureandonlydesignfurnitureforthewealthyupperclassesandcivilauthorities.Peasants,farmersandthefledglingworkingclassstilldonotrepresentaninterestingcommercialbody,butthispicturechangeswiththecountrysmovefromanagriculturalsocie

24、tytoanindustrializedonetowardstheendofthelastcentury.Thecitiesalmostexplodedinsizeandsocialawarenessflewwiththeemergenceofthenewsocialclasses-laborersandofficeworkers-bothofwhomdemandedmonetarypaymentfortheirservices.Putinsimpleterms,youmightsaythatthiswashowthefoundationofmodernconsumersociety came

25、intobeing. Once current overheads had been met such as food,clothing,rent and heating ,etc.People still had the means to buy furniture,which in its own small way, created the basis for a formalized furniture industry.The furniture industry did not really take off until people began moving away from

26、the cramped apartments in the city centers to larger apartments and detached houses on the outskirts of town.This happened in two stages,the first of which was in the 1920s,when the social housing projects began and detached houses started to appear.The second stage was in the 1950s,when both types

27、of housing be fan to shoot up everywhere.This development,combined with a high level of knowledge and awareness,creatd a new and more rational housing culture where people began to demand high-quality functional furniture.As it turned out, people outside Denmark soon began to make the same kinds of

28、demands.The1920ssawthedesireforapurelyDanishstyleoffurniture.In1924,alectureshipinfurnituredesignwasestablishedatKunstakademietsArkitektskole(TheRoyalDanishAcademyofFineArtsSchoolofArchitecture)inCopenhagen.ThelectureshipwenttotheDanisharchitect,KaareKlint(1888-1954),whoinfluencedthedevelopmentofDan

29、ishfurnituredesigntoagreatdegree.KaareKlintwasasystematistandamodernistwhousedhisstudentstopioneeraseriesofsurveysandanalysesoffurnitureandspatialneeds.Firstandforemost,KaareKlintrepresentedtheapproachthatfurnitureshouldbefunctionalanduser-friendly,anapproachwhichinmanywaysdeviatedfromtherestofEurop

30、e,wherefunctionalismoftentooktheformofformalisticexercises,directingitsfocustowardsawell-to-doeliteratherthantheordinarymaninthestreet. Theresultwasthatastrong,independent,humanisticfunctionalismevolvedinDenmarkthroughthe1930sand40s,culminatinginaninternationalbreakthroughatthebeginningofthe1950s.Ac

31、ontributoryfactortothisbreakthroughwastheGuildorCabinetmakersannualautumnexhibitionheldforthefirsttimein1928.Here,youngfurnituredesignerscouldfindcollaborativepartnersamongtheestablishedcabinetmakerworkshopswithaneyetodevelopingnewtypesoffurniture.ItwasattheseexhibitionsthatDanisharchitectslikeHansJ

32、.Wegner,OleWanscher,FinnJuhl,BoergeMogensen,ArneJacobsenandmanyothersmadetheirbreakthrough,anditwasatthesesameexhibitionsintheperiodfollowingtheSecondWorldWarthat,inparticulartheAmericanmarket,caughtsightofDanishfurnituredesign-Danishmodern. ThedevelopmentofDanishfurnituredesigncontinuedforcefullyup

33、throughthe1950sand60s,resultinginasharpincreaseinfurnitureexports.ThestartingpointofDanishfurnitureproductionwasjoinercraftsmenfurniture,butastechnologydeveloped,productionbecameincreasinglyindustrializedandthisaffectedthewayinwhicharchitectsdesignedfurniture.Oneofthebestexamplesofthefurnitureofthis

34、periodisarchitect,ProfessorArneJacobsensfamous“Myren”(“TheAnt”),designedin1951asacanteenchairforNovoNordisk”snewmedicinalfactory.ThechairwasdevelopedincooperationwiththefurnituremanufacturerFritzHansenA/S.Fromthebeginning,Itwasdesignedasanindustrialproductformassproduction.Someyearslater,in1957,Arne

35、Jacobsendesignedamorestreamlinedversionof“TheAnt”forFritzHansenA/S,theso-called7-seriesandthesechairsbecameahugesuccesswith5millionchairssoldtodate.HiscollaborationwithFritzHansenA/Scontinueduntilhisdeathin1971.Inadditionto“TheAnt”andthe7-series,ArneJacobsenandFritzHansecsucceededincreatingalongseri

36、esofDanishfurnitureclassics,suchastheeasychairs“Aegget”(“TheEgg”)andSvanen(“TheSwan”),whichJacobsendesignedfortheSASRoyalHotelinCopenhagenin1959.ThesetwochairswereremarkableinasmuchasJacobsenpioneeredtheuseofexpandedpolystyreneinfurniture-chairsaheadofthetimes.Therewereotherstoo,designerswhodesigned

37、industriallymanufacturedfurniture.In1942,FDB(TheDanishCo-opSociety)hiredthe28yearoldfurnituredesigner,BorgeMogensen,aschiefdesignerforFDBsnewlyestablishedfurnituredesignstudio.BorgeMogensenwasaformerstudentofKaareKlint,andMogensenfurtherdevelopedKlintsideasregardingqualityfunctionalfurniturefortheor

38、dinaryconsumer.FDBsfurniturewasmanufacturedinwood,especiallyinthedomesticwoodsortsofoakandbeech.Thesechairsweredesignedforindustrialmanufactureanddespitethefactthiswas“furnitureforthecommonman”,itwasstillofaveryhighcalibre,bothintermsoffunctionalityanddesign.Lateron,BoergeMogensencreatedanameforhims

39、elfbydesigningexclusivefurnitureinanaltogetherdifferentpricebracketforaffluentclientele.Despitethis,heneverdivergedfromhisprinciplesoffunctionalityanduser-friendliness. ThetwodesignerswhoreallyputDenmarkontheworldmapwereHansJ.Wegner(born1914)andFinnJuhl(1912-1989).Thesetwomencamefromradicallydiffere

40、ntbackgrounds.HansJ.WegnerwasthecountrycraftsmanwhohadreceivedhistrainingasfurnituredesigneratKunsthaandvaerkerskolen(TheDanishSchoolofArts&Crafts).JinnJuhlwasthecosmopolitanacademicfromCopenhagen,whohadbeeneducatedasanarchitectattheKunstakademiet(TheRoyalDanishAcademyofJineArts).Bothmenhadanamazing

41、feelfordesignandadeep-seateddesiretocreatebeautiful,functionalfurniture.Asaresult,theycreatedalongseriesoffurnitureclassicsoveraperiodlasting40years;classicswhicheventodaystandoutasexceptional.Theirproductionofqualityfurnitureissoextensive-HansJ.Wegneraloneisresponsibleformorethan500models-thatitisi

42、mpossibletohighlighttheworkofoneortheother.ParticularexamplesofHansJ.WegnersuniquedesignworkareKinastolen(“TheChineseChair”)from1945,TheChairfrom1949,andCirkelstolen(“TheCircleChair”)from1986.AmongFinnJuhlsfurniturearesuchhighlightsashisarmchairmadefortheGuildofCabinetmakersautumnexhibitionin1944and

43、Hoevdingstolen(TheChieftainChair)from1949.ItwaschairslikethesethatwonDenmarkitsreputationastheworldsleadingdesignnation. Around1970,DenmarkbegantoexperiencestiffcompetitionfromItalyatthenumerousfurniturefairsaroundtheworld,andinparticular,atthefurniturefairsaroundtheworld,andinparticular,atthefurnit

44、urefairsinCologneandChicago.TheItaliandesignersandfurnituremanufacturersmovedinnewdirectionsandexperimentedwithallkindsofmaterialsandexpression,whichcausedDanishfurnituretoappearbehindthetimes.ItwasreallyonlytheDanishdesigner,VernerPanton,wholivedinSwitzerland,whounderstoodhowtousethenewman-mademate

45、rialsandcreatenewdesigns.ThiswasacriticalperiodinDanishfurnituredesignandfortheDanishfurnitureindustrywhichfounditdifficulttomaintainitspositionasmarkerleader.ThissituationwasnotonlycausedbythechallengeposedbytheItaliandesigners.Itwasalsotheresultoftoomuchsuccess.ThegoodinternationalreputationofDanishfurnituredesignhadbuiltbyahandfuloffurnituremanufacturerswhowereinterestedingooddesignandtheuse