汽车构造(英文版).doc

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1、 CHAPTER 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS第一章 汽车原理1.1 Principal Components1.1 汽车主要组成部分Todays average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment.现代汽车有超过15000个零件组成，分成几个必须在一起工作的功能

2、部分。主要包括4个功能部分：引擎，车身，底盘和电控。1.2 Engine1.2引擎The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a

3、 compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.引擎为汽车提供能源。一般是内燃机：通过在引擎缸内燃烧液体燃料获得能量。引擎有两种：汽油机和柴油机。两种引擎都叫热机。燃烧的燃料产生大量大热

4、，热量使缸内的气体产生大的压力，通过连杆使曲轴旋转。1.3 Body1.3 车身An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provi

5、des an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.车身有窗户，门，盖，内饰等组成，它为发动机，乘客及货物提供空间和保护。车身的设计要让乘客安全并乘坐舒适。对于乘用汽车，车身要动感，色彩绚丽，现代化。1.4 Chassis1.4 底盘The chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, ste

6、ering, and brake systems.底盘是一个组合体，主要由汽车的操纵部分，传动系统，悬架，转向部分，制动系统组成。Transmission systems conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.传动系统用来驱动车轮。主要有离合器，变速箱，驱动轴，最后驱动和差速器组成。Suspension absorbs the road shocks.悬架主要用来吸收路面冲击。Steering cont

7、rols the direction of the movement.转向系统控制汽车的行驶方向。Brake slows down the vehicle.制动系统使汽车停下来。1.5 Electrical EquipmentThe electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circuit. This circuit consists of the bat

8、tery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engines mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.电动系统主要为点火系统，喇叭，灯，加热器，及启动系统提供电能。电压通过一个电路保持恒定。这个电路有电池，发电机组成。电池储存电能，发电机把引擎的机械能转化为电能，给电池充电。New WordsPrincipal component 主要部件category 种类，类

9、型body 车身chassis 底盘layout 布置power unit 动力装置internal combustion engine 内燃机cylinder 汽缸gasoline 汽油spark 火花ignition 点燃，点火diesel 柴油机compression 压缩shaft 轴transmission 传动系sheet metal 金属板shell 外壳hood （发动机）罩trunk deck 行李舱盖cargo 货物styling 样式assembly 总成，装配suspension 悬挂，悬置shock 冲击steering 转向，操纵brake 刹车，制动器clutch

10、 离合器gearbox 变速器driveshaft 传动轴final drive 主减速器，后桥differential 差速器slow down （使）慢下来，减速horn 喇叭starter 起动机charge 充电alternator 交流发电机Review Questions1. List the main parts of an automobile?汽车的主要部分有哪些？2. What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?根据车身，汽车的一般类型有哪些？3. Which systems does a

11、 chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis?汽车底盘有哪些系统，底盘的功用是那些？4. Why are suspension systems used on vehicles?汽车为什么用悬架系统？CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE第二章 引擎燃烧室2.1 principle of operation 2.1原理2.1.1 Engine and power 2.1.1引擎和能量 Engine is used to produce power. The chemical ene

12、rgy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external

13、combustion engine.引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。 Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperatu

14、re causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化

15、学能，化学能转化为机械能。2.1.2 Engine Terms 2.2.1引擎冲程 Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :th

16、is control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an intake valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are :连接活塞和曲轴的连杆，是气体推动曲轴旋转的原因。做功冲程利用气体，也就意味着吧废气排出缸体，同时燃烧室吸入新鲜的燃油和空气：这个功能是气门的职责；进气门使新鲜的混合气在合适

17、的时刻进入，排气门使燃烧过的混合气排除缸外。 TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft.上止点：当活塞离曲轴最远时，活塞或曲轴的位置。 BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft.下止点：当活塞距离曲轴最近时，活塞或曲轴的位置。 Stroke : the

18、 distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft.冲程：上止点和下止点的距离；冲程被曲轴控制。Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder.缸经：缸筒的内经。 Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC. 有效容积：上止点和下止点直接的容积。 Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke havin

19、g a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. 发动机的排量：指发动机所以缸的排量，一个四冲程2升发动机每个气缸的排量是50. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. 燃烧室：当活塞在上止点时，活塞上面的容积。 Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)(clearance vol) 压缩比=（有效容积+燃烧室容积）燃烧室容积 Two

20、-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank. 两冲程发动机：曲轴旋转一周，一个做功冲程。 Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank. 四冲程发动机：曲轴旋转两圈，一个做功冲程。2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine Cycle2.1.3四冲程发动机的点火系统 The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with exter

21、nally supplied in ignition , which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.四冲程点火发动机是一个具备外部点火系统的把燃料的能量转化为机械能的机械。 The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. 一个循环包括四个冲程。每个循环曲轴要旋转两圈。The operating

22、strokes are :吸气冲程： This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created. During the intake stroke, one o

23、f the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaust valve remains tightly closed.吸气冲程吧雾化的汽油和新鲜空气吸入缸内。吸气冲程开始时，活塞在上止点。当活塞向下运动时，产生真空和低压，混合气体被吸入。在吸气冲程，进气门打开，排气门闭合。Compression stroke压缩冲程As the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly

24、. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.当活塞向上运动时，气门紧闭，活塞压缩混合可燃气。压缩混合气在燃烧室温度升高。Power stroke做功冲程Just before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug

25、screwed into the cylinder head.The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward.

26、The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.在活塞到达压缩冲程的上止点前，缸盖上螺纹固定的火花塞产生火星，点火。火花点燃在燃烧室高压高温的燃油混合气体使其快速燃烧。快速燃烧的燃气产生大量的热，在缸体内迅速扩散产生压力。高压气体推动活塞向下运动。向下的运动使曲轴旋转。Exhaust stroke排期冲程Just before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward,

27、to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and anot

28、her begins immediately.在做工冲程即将结束时，排气门打开。活塞向上运动，将热燃烧后的混合气通过排气门排除缸体外。在活塞到达上止点前排气门关闭，进气门开启。当活塞到达所谓的上止点时，活塞又开始向下运动，这样一个循环结束，另一个循环开始。2.1.4 Engine Overall Mechanics2.1.4 发动机的总体构造 The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, c

29、rankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later. 发动机有说百个部件，发动机的主要部件是

30、缸体，缸盖，活塞，连杆，曲轴和气门。其它部分组合成系统，这些系统包括，燃油供给系统，进气系统，点火系统，冷却系统，润滑系统，和排气系统。每个系统都有一定的功能。这些系统将在以后的的章节详细讨论。NEW WORDPiston 活塞Connecting rod 连杆Crankshaft 曲轴Power stroke 活塞行程Expel 排出Valve 气阀inlet(intake) valve 进气阀exhaust valve 排气阀term 术语TDC 上止点BDC 下止点Bore 缸径swept volume 有效容积engine capacity 发动机排量clearance volume

31、余隙容积,燃烧室容积compression ratio 压缩比revolution 旋转,转数every other 每隔一个cycle 循环spread over 分布,遍及intake stroke 进气行程 compression stroke 压缩行程knock 敲缸,敲打exhaust stroke 排气行程engine block 发动机缸体lubrication 润滑2.2 Engine Block and Cylinder Head2.2发动机缸体和缸盖2.2.1 Engine Block2.2.1缸体The engine block is the basic frame of

32、 the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In

33、most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.缸体是发动机的基础，其它的部件要么装在缸体内，要么固定在缸体上。水套和油道在缸体内。当然缸体也固定曲轴，曲轴固定在缸体的底部。凸轮轴也固定在缸体上，除非是顶置凸轮轴固定在缸盖上。在大多数汽车上，缸体的材料是灰铸铁或者是灰铸铁和其它金属的合金，例如镍镉合金，缸体是铸件。Some engine bl

34、ocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are

35、 made entirely of aluminum.一些发动机缸体，特别是小汽车缸体是铸铝。这种金属比铸铁轻。虽然，铸铁的耐久性比驴占优势。因此，铝合金缸体的气缸被镶上铸铁或钢质圆桶，那些桶被叫做缸套。还有一些发动机全部是铝缸体。2.2.2 Cylinder Head2.2.2缸盖The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. Th

36、e most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engines combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Som

37、etimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.缸盖固定在缸体上，就像房子的屋顶。缸盖下面空间和活塞形成燃烧室。一般气缸盖的燃烧室是半球形，楔形，半独立燃烧室。三种燃烧室形状

38、都影响发动机燃烧室。缸盖上安装气门，气门弹簧和气门摇臂，这个气门通过推杆工作。有时候，缸盖上的凸轮轴不经过摇臂直接气门。被叫做顶置凸轮轴结构。就像缸体，缸盖的材料是铸铁或铸铝。2.2.3 Gasket2.2.3气缸垫The cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is ach

39、ieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.缸盖被高强度螺钉固定在缸体上。在缸体和缸盖的结合处有耐气的垫片，防止燃烧的混合气体外溢。缸垫可以实现这一功能。气缸垫就像是三明治，一层石棉夹在铜材料的中间，这两种材料

40、都能承受发动机高温和高压。2.2.4 Oil Pan or Sump2.2.4油底壳The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to

41、 all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.油底壳一般是钢铁冲压件，油底壳和缸体下面部分被叫做曲轴箱，它们把曲轴密封，包裹起来。润滑系统的油泵吸取油底壳的油输送到发动机的工作部分润滑。油流经油道又回到油底壳。这样，机油在发动机工作部分和油底壳之间始终有一个连续的循环。New Wordseng

42、ine block 缸体cylinder head 气缸盖fasten 使固定water jacket 水套oil gallery 油道camshaft 凸轮轴overhead-cam(OHC) 顶置凸轮gray iron 灰铸铁alloy 合金nickel 镍chromium 铬casting 铸件head cover 汽缸盖罩intake manifold 进气总管distributor 分电器oil pan 油底壳aluminum 铝be lined with 镶有cylinder sleeve 气缸套hemi 半球形wedge 楔型，楔入semi-hemi 准半球形rocker 摇臂p

43、ush-rod 推杆gasket 衬垫high-tensile 高强度的stud 螺栓gas-tight 密封的asbestos 石棉crankcase 曲轴箱，曲柄箱encase 封闭，把包起来drain off 排出，流出Review Question问题回顾1. What do TDC, BDC, stroke, compression ratio and engine capacity stand for?1.TDC,BDC冲程，压缩比，引擎排量是什么意思？2. How do you calculate swept volume and compression ratio?2.怎么计算

44、排气容积及压缩比？3. What controls the length of the stroke?3.行程是怎么控制的？4. List the main parts of the engine overall mechanics?4.说出发动机的主要部分？5. What are the main function of the engine block?5.缸体的作用是什么？2.3 Piston Connecting Rod and Crankshaft2.3活塞连杆和曲轴2.3.1 Piston Assembly 2.3.1活塞总成 The piston is an important

45、part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal th

46、e bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.活塞是四冲程发动机的一个重要部件。大多数的活塞是铝合金浇注而成。活塞通过连杆把燃烧混合气体的能量传给曲轴。这种能量使曲轴旋转，薄的，圆筒钢片安装在活塞队