中国的对外贸易【外文翻译】.docx

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1、外文翻译原文Foremn Trade of ChinaMaterial Source: Wamang Datanase Author: Hitomi lizakaIntroductionOn December 11，2001，China officially joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) and became its 143rd member. Chinas presence in the world economy will continue to grow and deepen. The foreign trade sector play

2、s an important andmultifaceted role in Chinas economic development. At the same time， Chinas expanded role in the world economy is benencial to all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and more varieties or imported consumer goods, raw materials and intermediate p

3、roducts. China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment, the outcome is fundamentally a win-win situation. In this paper we would like to provide a survey of the various institutions，laws and

4、 characteristics or hinas trade. Among some of the findings， we can highlight thefollowing:In 2001, total trade to gross domestic product (GDP) ratio in China is 44%In 2001, 47% of Chinese trade is processed tradeiIn 2001, 51% of Chinese trade is conducted by foreign firms in China2In 2001，36% of hi

5、nese exports originate from Guangdong provinceIn 2001, 39% of Chinas exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhereEvolution of Chinas Trade RegimeEqually remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of Chinas exports and imports. TaDle 2a shows Chinas annual export volumes of p

6、rimary goods and manufactured goods over time. In 1980, primary goods accounted for 50.3% of Chinas exports and manufactured goods accounted for 49.7%. Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of 19809s, it remains at 50.6% in 1985. Since then, exports of manufactur

7、ed goods have grown at a much faster rate than exports of primary goods- As a result, the share of manufactured goods increased to 90.1%, and that of primary good decreased to 9.9% by 2001.Also shown in those tables are five subgroups for manufactured goods and primary goods. Chinas export was highl

8、y dependent on its exports of coal， petroleum, and petroleum products until mid-80s. The large export volume of petroleum was also supported by a sharp rise in oil prices during the period. In 1985, the share of mineral fuels is 20.1%. In 1986, the sudden decline in the share of primary goods in tot

9、al exports occurs, which is largely associated with the decline in the export volume of mineral fuels. The price reforms coupled with the declined world petroleum price areattributable to the decline.Domestic agriculture production expanded during the 1980s in response to the higher prices through t

10、he price reforms and more opportunities given to the producers to market their products. Although the share of food and live animals in total exports has declined over time, China has become a net exporter of such products since 1984.Turning to the manufactured goods, the large increase in the share

11、 of the manufactured goods in the total exports since mid-80s is largely accounted for by the increase in the export in the textile category and the miscellaneous products category. These two groups include labor-intensive products such as textiles, apparel, footwear，and toys and sporting goods. Dur

12、ing the 1990s，the category that exhibited the most significant surge in exports is machinery and transport equipment. Its share expanded from 9.0% in 1990 to 35.7 % in 2001 Chinas Processing Trade and Trade by Foreign Invested FirmsChina established the legal framework for processing and assembly ar

13、rangements in 1979. Since then, China has built up considerable strengths in assembling and processing of industrial parts and components. It covers a wide range of industries such as electric machinery，automobile, aerospace，and shipbuilding. Table 3a and Table 3b demonstrate the amount of processin

14、g exports and imports and the importance of stateowned enterprises (SOEs) and foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) in such forms of trade for 1995-200L Throughout the period from 1995 to 2001，the shares of these two types of processing exports exceed more than half of Chinas total exports. In 2001, p

15、rocessing exports account for 55.4% of the total exports. As is seen in Table 3a, process & assembling was dominated by SOEs in 1995. However, the trend has been changing. The share of SOEs in process & assembling has been steadily declining over the years from 84% in 1995 to 62% in 2001 The other t

16、ype of trade， process with imported materials was largely conducted by FIEs and their shares have been gradually increasing from 81% in 1995 to 88% in 2001 In Chinas imports (see Table 3b), processing trade is relatively small compared to exports. After it peaked at 49% in 1997，processed imports dec

17、line to 39% in 2001 The decreasing importance of SOEs can be seen in China imports as well. Shares by SOEs decreased from 81% in 1995 to 58% in 2001 for process & assembling, and from 18% to 7% for process with imported materials. The decreased role for SOEs in processing trade may reflect the ineff

18、iciency in conducting their business. Since 1997, the Chinese government decided to implement the shareholding system and to sell a large number of medium- and small-sized SOEs to the private sector. A number of larger enterprise groups will be established in various industries through mergers，acqui

19、sitions，and leasing and contracting. The restructuring of SOEs is intended to increase profits and to improve their competitive edge.Chinas Trade by Provinces and RegionsA regional breakdown of exports and imports reveals important characteristics of the foreign trade in China* In 1997, 89-1% of the

20、 total exports came from the Eastern region of China (Beijing，lianjin, Heibei，Lioaning，Guangxi，Shanghai， Jiangsu，Zhejiang, Fujian, Shangdong，Guandong and Hainan). Witnin the East，the Southeast region accounts forof Chinas exports in 1997.4 Guangdong aloneproduces 41.6% of the total exports for the s

21、ame year. Such regional imbalances in exporting activities persist to the present day. In 2001，Guandongs share of the national exports is 36.0%. For the Southeast and the East, the shares are respectively 79.0% and 91.1%.This imbalance of the regional growth in foreign trade may partially be attribu

22、ted to the various geographic-specific and sequential open-door policies China has exercised throughout the last twenty years. The strong growth of the export sector in the coastal area has been supported by the massive use of foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI was first attracted by the creation

23、of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ). FDI was concentrated in the provinces of the Southeast coast, namely，Guandong and Fujian. The multinational enterprises that are export-oriented or use advanced technologies are able to enjoy various preferential policies in the SEZs，such as reduced or exempted c

24、orporate income tax，exemption from import tariffs on imported equipment and raw materials. In 1984，fourteen coastal cities were opened and were granted similar policies as SEz.s. Out of thosefourteen cities, ten are located in the Southeast coast regions and four are in the rest of the Eastern regio

25、ns. Furthermore in 1985，similar preferential policies were granted to other coastal economic regions，Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and Minnan Delta which is to the south of Fujian. In 1990, Pudong in Shanghai was opened and was granted extensive preferential policies. Since 1984，the Chinese

26、 government established thirty-two national-level Economic and Technological Development Zones (ETDZs) The share of exports in The Yangtze River Delta, the home of Shanghai and two provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang has grown steadily during the period 1997 to 2001 The share of those three regions grew

27、 to 10.1%，11.0%，and 9.1% in 2001 from 8.1%, 7.9% and 5.9% in 1997, respectively. As the role of high-tech industry becomes more significant in Chinas output and Chinas comparative advantage in skilled-labor and capital-intensive industries becomes higher，the Yangtze River Delta becomes a new magnet

28、for investment by foreign enterprises. These foreign investments in turn lead to more export and trade.5- Foreign Trade by Major World RegionsUsing Chinas official statistics, Table 4a and 4b highlight merchandise exports and imports to and from major world regions for 1993 - 2001: Asia，Africa，Europ

29、e， Latin America，North America and Oceania. As we see from Table 4a，Chinas most important export region has always been Asia，which absorbs 53% of Chinas exports in 200 L However, their share of absorption declines from almost 62%, their peak level of 1995. The importance of North America and Europe

30、in Chinas exports， however, has been increasing since 1998. In 2001，North America takes in more than 22% of exports and Europe takes in more than 18%.6. Chinas Merchandise Exports and Imports by Major Trading PartnersTable 5a and Table 5b document Chinas merchandise exports to and imports from its m

31、ajor trading partners, using Chinas official statistics. According to Table 5a, the major exports markets for China in 2001 are: the United States (20.4%), Hong Kong (17.5%)，Japan (16.9%) and the European Union (15.4%). It is well-known that a large proportion of Chinese exports to Hong Kong are re-

32、exported elsewhere so that the true size of the Hong Kong export market has to be estimated. To save space for this paper，we will just rely on the official Chinese figures.6 Even without adjusting for re-exports, the United States in 2001 is the largest export market for China. Thus, from an interna

33、tional trade perspective alone, the most important bilateral trade relationship for China is the relationship with the UnitedStates. Together the United States, Hong Kong, Japan and the European Union take in 70.2% of Chinas exports in 2001 Within ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), Sing

34、apore has been the largest export market for China. In 2001， 31.5% of Chinas total exports to ASEAN is destined for Singapore. Within the European Union (EU)，Germany is the largest market with 23.8% of the total Chinese exports going to the EU.9. ConclusionIn the future, we see that there are at lea

35、st two challenges facing China in the area of international trade. First，with Chinas competitiveness growing, many countries will perceive that their producers will not be able to compete with the Chinese exports, either in the third market or in their own domestic market. The backlash will take the

36、 form of an increased use of anti-dumping duties and safeguards. We have already seen the use of such trade instruments against China firom a variety of countries, including Japan，the European Union and the United States. A relatively new development is that even developing countries such as India a

37、nd Mexico are using anti-dumping measures against Chinese exports to their countries. The difficulty with anti-dumping duties is that they are generally WTO-consistent. Thus joining the WTO does not mean that other countries will reduce their use of anti-dumping duties against China.A second challen

38、ge facing China is how to manage its trade relationship with the United States. The United States is the largest economy on earth. The United States is China largest export market. It is also a critical source of technology. A stable and healthy relationship with the United States is important for C

39、hinas economic development. It is always a difficult adjustment process for countries to accept a newly emergent economic power. The United States as well as other countries may perceive China as a potential economic threat. Judging from the experience of the relationship between the United States a

40、nd a rising Japan in the 1970s and the 1980s, it will not be too hard to imagine that there will be difficulties in the trade relationship between the United States and China. Managing and smoothing such a relationship should be an important goal for译文中国的对外贸易资 料 来 源 :万 方 数 据 库作 者 ： H i to m i Ii z a

41、 k a 1 、 简 介2 0 0 1 年 1 2 月 1 1 日 ， 中 国 正 式 加 入 世 界 贸 易 组 织 （ W T O） ， 成 为 其 第 1 4 3 个 成 员 ， 中 国 在 世 界 经 济 中 的 作 用 将 继 续 增 强 和 深 化 。 对 外 贸 易 对 中 国 经 济 发 展 起 着 重 要 的 和 多 方 面 的 作 用 。 与 此 同 时 ， 中 国 在 世 界 经 济 中 的 扩 长 有 利 于 所 有 的 贸 易 伙 伴 ， 中 国 的 区 域 贸 易 有 利 于 各 种 各 样 更 便 宜 的 消 费 品 、 原 材 料 和 中 间 产 品 的 进 口

42、 。 中 国 也 是 一 个 巨 大 的 出 口 市 场 。 任 何 主 要 贸 易 国 的 进 入 可 以 在 全 球 贸 易 系 统 中 创 建 一 个 调 整 的 过 程 ， 其 结 果 基 本 上 是 一 个 双 赢 的 局 面 。 在 本 文 中 ， 我 们 想 提 供 各 机 构 有 关 中 国 法 律 和 贸 易 特 点 的 一 个 调 查 。 根 据 相 关 调 查 结 果 ， 我 们 可 以 强 调 以 下 内 容 ：2 0 0 1 年 ， 中 国 的 贸 易 总 额 占 国 内 生 产 总 值 （ GDP ） 的 比 例 为 4 4 % 。2 0 0 1 年 ， 中 国 4

43、 7 % 的 贸 易 是 加 工 贸 易 。2 0 0 1 年 ， 中 国 5 1 % 的 贸 易 是 由 外 资 企 业 创 造 的 。2 0 0 1 年 ， 中 国 3 6 % 的 出 口 由 广 东 省 创 造 。2 0 0 1 年 ， 中 国 3 9 % 的 出 口 通 过 香 港 再 出 口 。2 、 中 国 贸 易 体 制 的 演 变中 国 进 出 口 商 品 构 成 的 变 化 同 样 显 著 。表 2 a 显 示 了 中 国 逐 年 的 初 级 产 品 和 制 成 品 的 年 出 口 量 。 1 9 8 0 年 ， 初 级 产 品 占 中 国 出 口 的 5 0 .3 % ，

44、工 业 制 成 品 占 中 国 出 口 的 4 9 .7 % 。 尽 管 在 八 十 年 代 前 期 初 级 产 品 的 份 额 有 所 下 降 ， 但 是 在 1 9 8 5 年 仍 然 占 5 0 .6 % 。 自 那 以 后 ， 工 业 制 成 品 的 出 口 比 初 级 产 品 出 口 以 更 快 的 速 度 增 长 。 结 果 到 2 0 0 1 年 ， 制 成 品 的 份 额 提 高 到 9 0 .1 % ， 而 初 级 产 品 下 降 到 9 .9 % 。3 、 中 国 的 加 工 贸 易 和 外 商 投 资 企 业 的 贸 易中 国 于 1 9 7 9 年 建 立 了 加 工

45、和 装 配 安 排 的 法 律 框 架 。从 那 时 起 ，中 国 已 在 装 配 和 零 部 件 加 工 业 取 得 相 当 大 的 优 势 。 它 广 泛 的 涵 盖 了 如 机 电 ， 汽 车 ， 航 空 航 天 ， 造 船 等 行 业 。 表 3 a 和 表 3 b 显 示 了 从 1 9 9 5 到 2 0 0 1 年 ， 加 工 出 口 和 进 口 的 总 量 以 及 国 有 企 业 ( S OEs) 和 外 商 投 资 企 业 ( FIEs) 贸 易 方 式 的 重 要 性 。纵 观 1 9 9 5 年 至 2 0 0 1 年 期 间 ， 这 两 种 加 工 出 口 方 式 占

46、的 份 额 超 过 中 国 出 口 总 额 的 一 半 以 上 。 2 0 0 1 年 ， 加 工 出 口 占 出 口 总 额 的 5 5 .4 % 。 正 如 在 表 3 a ， 1 9 9 5 年 ， 加 工 和 组 装 在 国 有 企 业 占 主 导 地 位 。 但 是 ， 这 种 趋 势 一 直 在 变 化 。 装 配 业 在 国 有 企 业 的 份 额 一 直 在 稳 步 下 降 ， 多 年 来 从 1 9 9 5 年 的 8 4 % 下 降 到 2 0 0 1 年 的 6 2 % 。 其 他类 型 的 贸 易 ， 进 料 加 工 主 要 是 由 外 商 投 资 企 业 大 部 分

47、控 制 ， 他 们 股 票 已 经 逐 步 增 加 ， 从 1 9 9 5 年 的 8 1 % 增 加 到 2 0 0 1 年 的 8 8 % 。 中 国 的 进 口（ 见 表 3 b） 相 较 出 口 ， 加 工 贸 易 相 对 比 较 小 。 在 1 9 9 7 年 达 到 4 9 % 的 高 峰 后 ， 到 2 0 0 1 年 加 工 进 口 下 降 到 3 9 % 。 国 有 企 业 的 重 要 性 下 降 也 可 以 在 中 国 的 进 口 中 看 出 ， 在 加 工 和 装 配 业 ，国 有 企 业 股 份 从 1 9 9 5 年 的 8 1 % 下 降 到 2 0 0 1 年 的

48、 5 8 % ，进 料 加 工 而 从 1 8 % 下 降 到 7 % 。 对 于 国 有 企 业 在 加 工 贸 易 的 作 用 下 降 可 能 反 映 了 在 开 展 其 业 务 效 率。 自 1 9 9 7 年 以 来 ，中 方 政 府 决 定 推 行 股 份 制 和 大 量 出 售 中 型 和 小 型 的 国 有 企 业 的 私 营 部 门 。 大 多 企 业 集 团 将 通 过 兼 并 、 收 购 、 租 赁 和 承 包 在 各 种 行 业 设 立 企 业 。 国 有 企 业 重 组 的 目 的 是 增 加 利 润 和 提 高 竞 争 力 。4 、 中 国 的 省 份 和 地 区 贸

49、 易进 出 口 的 区 域 细 分 揭 示 了 在 中 国 对 外 贸 易 的 重 要 特 征 。 1 9 9 7 年 ， 8 9 .1 % 的 出 口 总 值 来 自 中 国 的 东 部 地 区 （ 北 京 ， 天 津 ， 河 北 ， 南 宁 ， 广 西 ， 上 海 ， 江 苏 ， 浙 江 ， 福 建 ， 山 东 ， 广 东 和 海 南 ） 。 在 1 9 9 7 年 ， 中 国 7 6 .3 % 的 出 口 到 东 南 亚 和 东 亚 地 区 。 仅 广 东 省 生 产 就 为 同 年 出 口 总 额 的 4 1 .6 % ， 这 种 出 口 区 域 不 平 衡 持 续 到 今 天 。 2 0 0 1 年 ， 广 东 的 全 国 出 口 份 额 为 3 6